Abolition of Capital Punishment in Canada

The removal of capital punishment from the Canadian Criminal Code in 1976 has not led to an increase in the murder rate in Canada. In fact, Statistics Canada reports that the murder rate has generally been declining since the mid-1970s. In 2009, the national murder rate in Canada was 1.81 homicides per 100,000 population, compared to the mid-1970s when it was around 3.0. The total number of murders in Canada in 2009 was 610, one fewer than in 2008. Murder rates in Canada are generally about a third of those in the United States. Canadian Sentences for Murder While proponents of the death penalty may cite capital punishment as a deterrent to murder, that has not been the case in Canada. Sentences currently in use in Canada for murder are: First-degree murder - a life sentence with no possibility of parole for 25 yearsSecond-degree murder - a life sentence with no possibility of parole for at least ten yearsManslaughter - a life sentence with parole eligibility after seven years Wrongful Convictions A strong argument used against capital punishment is the possibility of mistakes. Wrongful convictions in Canada have had a high profile, including David Milgaard - sentenced to life imprisonment for the 1969 murder of Gail Miller, a Saskatoon nursing aide. Milgaard spent 22 years in prison, The Supreme Court set aside Milgaards conviction in 1992, and he was cleared by DNA evidence in 1997. The Saskatchewan government awarded Milgaard $10 million for his wrongful conviction.Donald Marshall Jr. - convicted of the 1971 stabbing murder of Sandy Seale in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Marshall was acquitted in 1983 after spending 11 years in prison.Guy Paul Morin - sentenced to life imprisonment in 1992 for the first-degree murder of nine-year-old neighbor Christine Jessop, Morin was exonerated in 1996 by DNA testing. Morin and his parents received a $1.25 million settlement.Thomas Sophonow - tried three times and convicted twice of the 1981 murder of donut shop waitress Barbara Stoppel in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Both convictions were overturned on appeal, and the Supreme Court of Canada prevented the fourth trial of Sophonow. DNA evidence clear ed Sophonow in 2000, and he was awarded $2.6 million in compensation.Clayton Johnson - convicted in 1993 of the first-degree murder of his wife. In 2002, the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal overturned the conviction and ordered a new trial. The Crown said it had no new evidence and Johnson was set free.

How Is Poverty Constructed as a Social Problem in the Uk...

How is poverty constructed as a social problem in the UK today? Abstract. The term ‘social problem’ refers to certain problems that are socially recognised by society and are felt to threaten certain values cherished by the public. This essay will investigate the different types of poverty that occur in the U.K and will explore the sociological arguments as to how poverty links with social problems such as social exclusion, gender discrimination in the work place, lone-parenting and disability and look at how these problems are perceived in today’s society. Poverty is an ever increasing issue in the UK and is perceived as a major social problem due to the consequences that it brings with it .The term ‘social problem’ refers†¦show more content†¦This is a good example of how poverty is constructed as a social problem as if one is living in relative poverty, and cannot seek employment and is welfare dependent living off benefits, then the individual will be socially excluded in that they may not be able to afford to join certain social clubs, or get to remote public services and in general the issue of discrimination will stop people from joining certain activities and entering certain areas. ‘Social exclusion is a problem for society if there are those who are unable to take part in social relations, including in a democracy, political participation and involvement’ (Ridge, 2008:47). Women are more prone to live in low income circumstances than men, hence introducing the social problem of gender discrimination. Women have been discriminated in the workplace over time in that they are paid less than men in specific jobs and are not seen to be ‘suited’ to particular jobs, especially in the manufacturing and trade industries. Marxist feminist Margaret Benston believed that women were oppressed by capitalism in that they were treated almost as a back-up, or secondary option of cheap labour that enabled profits to be kept up. ‘In 1994, 6.41 million women were in low-paid jobs and on average women’s full-time gross weekly pay was 72 percent of that of men’(Kane, 2003:115). TheShow MoreRelatedSocial Class Divide As A Report By The Equality And Human Rights Commission1455 Words   |  6 PagesSocial divisions are one of, if not, the main political concerns within out society today. 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Strategic Management Policies-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Give a description of the Organisation, and explain the need for a training program to address its current problem/situation. 2.Describe the characteristics of adult learners you are developing the training program for. 3.Discuss the various strategies you will use to implement the proposed training program. 4.Discuss the evaluation method you will use to assess the effectiveness of the training program. Answers: Introduction The current assignment studies the importance of strategic human resource development for the growth and sustenance of the Woolworths Company in the global market. The Woolworths Company is an Australia based supermarket/grocery store chain owned by the Woolworths limited. The Woolworths supermarket along with the Coles group account for 80% of the Australian supermarket. Thus, the market share of the organization being huge calls for effective measures to be adopted for strategic human resource management of the organization. There is a wide range of products offered by the Woolworths supermarket are fresh fruits, vegetables, sea food, freshly baked products along with freezers and drinks. Some of the other products offered by the company are pet and baby products along with household items. The organization comprises of a number of different departments and sub-department. However, for the smooth functioning of the organization, there is a need to provide sufficient growth opportunities to the workforce. This is accomplished by means of strategic human resource development programs aimed at training the workforce. Thus, a well-trained workforce helps in enhancing the productivity of the organization. The current assignment focuses on the impact of the training program in addressing the problem situation of the organization. However, for the purpose of the implementation of the training programs the learning need and requirements of the workforce needs to be analysed. 1.Description of the organization and need of the training program to address the current problem situation Description of the organization The Woolworths supermarket along with the Coles group of companies holds the majority of the share of the Australian supermarket. The market provides a wide variety of products such as the basic groceries, packed food items, freezers and pantry. It also customises in baby foods and household or beauty products. The organization consists of a number of department and sub-departments comprising of a huge number of workforce. However, as argued by Purce (2014), the shortage of skilled employees possessing relevant marketing skills can act as a hindrance for the company. As commented by Steffen et al. (2015), half of the jobseekers in the current Australian scenario are the migrants. Problem statement Thus, a number of challenges need to be addressed in the recruitment of the migrants within the Woolworths company. Some of the challenges faced here are language barriers among the few. Most of the migrants are from countries such as China, Vietnam, Italy, being some of the few. As commented by MacArthur et al. (2014), a seismic wave has resulted in the Australian job sector due to a huge exodus of indigenous Australians. Most of the indigenous Australians have failed to find a job within their own specialisations, thus promulgating the exodus. In order to settle the huge workforce gap, there is a need to absorb more people from different nationalities on board. However, as argued by Alfes et al. (2013), language often becomes a constraint in most of the cases. This results in a huge communication gap within the organization resulting in differences of opinion within the workforce. In the last few months, the Woolworths supermarket has seen a huge number of employee turnovers. A sur vey conducted within the organization have pointed out that stringent policy measures along with the inability to cater to the development needs of the employees have been a major cause for the employee turnover. Need of training The aim of Woolworths Limited has been to treat our people with dignity and respect. Thus, the organization has always strived at providing sufficient growth opportunities for the overall well being of their employees. However, the current statistical reports have pointed out towards a number of gaps or loophole. The figures and statistics have reported that the employee turnover rate within the age group of 15-24 is as high as 63%. Similarly, the number of full-time workers of the organization is only 29%. Thus, unpaid overtime and highly strict demands are some of the factors, which have resulted in a huge rate of employee turnover. Reports and evidence in the form of feedbacks posted by the ex-employees in job sites such as Indeed Australia have pointed out at managing strict demands from the customers as one of the downsides of working with Woolworths. Moreover, many have even complained about being bullied by customers on being unable to redress their demands properly. The aim of designing the training program was to help by providing the employees with sufficient skills and marketing gimmick in order to deal with the hard-to-handle customers. 2.Characteristics of adult learners In order to develop a suitable training program for the workforce of the organization, there is a need to focus on the characteristics of the adult learners. The needs and requirements of the workforce need to be evaluated in order to design effective training programs. As commented by Kehoe Wright (2013), tailoring the training as per the suitability of the learner can help in the development of a positive culture of work within the respective organization. The adults like to take control their own learning and development needs. Thus, the training needs to provide a self direction to the employees. As asserted by Noe et al. (2014), the employees should be able to access their own performances throughout the training program. They can establish that with the help of establishing a strong relationship with their peers and instructor. The learning measures should be supported by multiple options to ease the process of learning of the employees. As commented by Guise et al. (2017), ef fective participation from the instructor is required. This particularly helps in figuring out the difficulties that the participants may be facing throughout the learning program. The adults are practical and result oriented, therefore, more comprehensive content needs to be designed for them. It should be able to answer the different queries one might have regarding practical marketing approaches. Thus, ready-made and full proof solutions need to be provided which will help them in meeting the requirements of the highly demanding jobs. As commented by Noe et al. (2014), the adults are more resistant to change owing to life experiences. The past learning experiences have a much more rigid imprint on the adult mind. Therefore, as commented by Kehoe Wright (2013), each theory need to be supported by a why. This helps in substantiating the new concepts and replacing the old ones. The Woolworths chain of company advocates discussion and sharing of knowledge over large-scale platforms. It is mostly encouraged by the past work life experiences of the employees in similar or different organizations. As argued by Guise et al. (2017), such sharing of knowledge helps in deeper integration of knowledge. Learning in adulthood is driven by intrinsic motivation rather than forced compulsion. As argued by Noe et al. (2014), the lack of motivation in the employees can act as a hindrance to achieving the objectives of the concerned organization. Thus, the Woolworth organization needs to promote more motivational spirits in the employees for participating in the training programs. In this context, one of the practices adopted by the Woolworths supermarket chains is providing of performance bonus and incentives to the employees. This helps in generating interest in the employees towards attending the training programmes. The adults constantly have to juggle between a number of roles and responsibilities. Therefore, there is a need to design tailor made programs which would be both time and cost effective. 3.Strategies to implement the training program A number of strategies can be used for the implementation of the training program. The strategies are designed based on the learning needs of the students such as- structure learning, semi-structured and unstructured learning. The structured learning is where a teacher or an instructor controls the learning. The mode of training is based upon theory session and learning session (Reicks et al. 2014). The theory session is used for the inculcation of deeper levels of knowledge in the employees regarding the marketing skills. The incorporation of the theoretical knowledge helps them in dealing with the high demanding situations with more ease and comfort. This helps in making the staff more competent in enhancing the market sales apart from ensuring customer retention. This helps in providing the organization with a competitive advantage over other similar market players in the industry. The theory method of teaching can also be supported by lecture method of teaching. The lecture method of teaching helps in addressing a much wide section of audiences at a much nominal rate (Daniels et al. 2014). The theories help in reinstating the values and skills within an individual and have a rigid effect on the mind of the learners. The semi-structured learning strategies are based on learning through interactions and are mostly encouraged by discussion, case studies and role-plays. In this context, the discussion puts emphasis upon the past life as well as the work experiences of the employees (Kris-Etherton et al. 2014). As commented by Marzano et al. (2014) learning through flaws helps an individual in meeting the required objectives of a high-constrained job. Moreover, the same can act as a stimulus where similar instances of disagreement with the customers can be avoided in the future. As commented by Lin et al. (2013), case studies highlighting similar problem situations can help the employees in being market ready. Additionally, they can be called for role-playing where they engage with each other through practical dialect. It helps them in understanding the situation better where they learn to interpret situations and responses through words. Thus, the role play also plays a crucial role in the aspect of communication where the employees learn to deal with the customers in an effective manner through effective communication. As commented by Kennedy (2014), fluid and transparent communication are crucial with regards to the aspect of customer retention. Additionally, experiential learning cam is beneficial in the development of depth knowledge (Reames et al 2015). In this respect, the experiential learning can be divided into a number of steps such as learning instruments, stimulation and projects. In as commented by Chen (2014), the employees can be asked to gather personal data through drafting survey questionaries. The questionnaires can then be used for generating personal enlightenment and learning stimulation in an individual. The employees could also be asked to conduct projects where they could learn within a practical scenario the different steps, which could be taken for the purpose of enhancement of the productivity of the workforce. The concept of unstructured learning can be divided into problem-based learning, contract learning and action learning. In this respect, the contract is simply based on course and curriculum design. The study module helps in achieving the step wide learning requirements within a practical setup. The action learning, on the other hand, is based on conducting a research where the employees are provided with a number of multiple options to choose from. This will help the employees in becoming more flexible in meeting the demands and needs of the people. In this respect, the Woolworths supermarket needs to introduce a number of diverse training programs to cater to the diverse needs of the employees. However, as argued by Sikora, Ferris (2014), a number of challenges are suffered in meeting with the implementation of the training needs and programs. Thus, sufficient support needs to be provided to the organization in terms of funds and investments. As commented by Han et al. (2013), the participation of stakeholders can play an effective role in meeting the demands of the organization. The organization need to conduct a survey of the potential stakeholders and the interest vested upon by them in the sponsoring the training events. 4.Evaluation method to access the effectiveness of the training program A number of methods may be followed for the evaluation of the training program such as conducting of written tests. The tests help in evaluating the level of knowledge gathered by the employees in the training program. The written tests could further be divided into objective and subjective written test. The objective test would help in testing the level of knowledge possessed by the employees. Additionally, the written test would provide them with the space to elaborate their knowledge. As commented by Wright et al. (2014), dividing the workforce into control group methods would help in testing the learning behaviours of the different employees. It can be a basis of comparative analysis where the employees are asked to provide group wise feedbacks regarding the different marketing campaigns. The Woolworths supermarket can use these campaigns in order to implement the desired changes within the company framework. Additionally, the use of log diaries can be beneficial in taking a note of the different measures which could be undertaken for achieving the changes within the company structure and policies. The logbook helps in keeping a tab on the constant performance and evolvement of the employees. As commented by Chadwick et al. (2015), the use of models such as Kirkpatrick model can be used in order to achieve the desired outcomes. The model can be broken down into a number of steps such as evaluating the needs and goals, evaluating the HRD design, measuring the learning outcomes. These steps can be helpful in achieving the desired outcomes by the implementation of the required training programs. Conclusion The current assignment focuses on the need of the development of strategic human resources for increasing the productivity of the organization. Thus, the organization needs to provide sufficient training and growth opportunities to its employees. This helps in adding a competitive advantage to the organization. The biggest competitors of the Woolworths supermarket are the Coles group. Therefore, there is a constant pressure from the rival organizations in terms of value added services. Additionally, a well-trained workforce helps in customer retention by providing the best-in-class services to the organization. In this respect, the training measures help in achieving the personal and productive requirements of the staff. In this context, the training program would help in meeting the organizational loopholes by providing the employee with sufficient competency. This further helps in preventing the rapid rates of employee turnover, which has been a problem with the Australian, based Woolworths organization. Thus, answering the deficits and needs of the employees helps in generation of employee motivation. Employee motivation is indispensable for the achievement of the organizational objectives to the fullest. In this respect, effective strategies and measures need to be adopted for promoting a strategic human resource development. The strategies should be based on the requirements of the employees. Thus, occasional surveys need to be made a part of the organizational policies, which helps in understanding the employee requirements. References Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), 330-351. Chadwick, C., Super, J. F., Kwon, K. (2015). Resource orchestration in practice: CEO emphasis on SHRM, commitment?based HR systems, and firm performance.Strategic Management Journal,36(3), 360-376. Chen, J. C. (2014). Teaching non-traditional adult students: Adult learning theories in practice. Teaching in Higher Education,19(4), 406-418. Clark, A. K., Wilder, C. M., Winstanley, E. L. (2014). A systematic review of community opioid overdose prevention and naloxone distribution programs.Journal of addiction medicine,8(3), 153-163. Daniels, J., Farquhar, C., Nathanson, N., Mashalla, Y., Petracca, F., Desmond, M., ... Afya Bora Consortium Working Group Members. (2014). Training tomorrow's global health leaders: applying a transtheoretical model to identify behaviour change stages within an intervention for health leadership development. Global Health Promotion,21(4), 24-34. Galuschka, K., Ise, E., Krick, K., Schulte-Krne, G. (2014). The effectiveness of treatment approaches for children and adolescents with reading disabilities: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS one,9(2), e89900. Guise, J. M., Winter, S., Fiore, S. M., Regensteiner, J. G., Nagel, J. (2017). Organizational and training factors that promote team science: A qualitative analysis and application of theory to the National Institutes of Healths BIRCWH career development program.Journal of Clinical and Translational Science,1(2), 101-107. Han, X., Chen, M., Wang, F., Windrem, M., Wang, S., Shanz, S., ... Silva, A. J. (2013). Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice.Cell stem cell,12(3), 342-353. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees' attitudes and behaviours. Journal of management,39(2), 366-391. Kennedy, J. (2014). Characteristics of massive open online courses (MOOCs): A research review, 2009-2012.Journal of Interactive Online Learning,13(1). Kris-Etherton, P. M., Akabas, S. R., Bales, C. W., Bistrian, B., Braun, L., Edwards, M. S., ... Pratt, C. A. (2014). The need to advance nutrition education in the training of health care professionals and recommended research to evaluate implementation and effectiveness.The American journal of clinical nutrition,99(5), 1153S-1166S. Lin, P. C., Hou, H. T., Wang, S. M., Chang, K. E. (2013). Analyzing knowledge dimensions and cognitive process of a project-based online discussion instructional activity using Facebook in an adult and continuing education course.Computers Education,60(1), 110-121. MacArthur, D. G., Manolio, T. A., Dimmock, D. P., Rehm, H. L., Shendure, J., Abecasis, G. R., ... Barrett, J. C. (2014). Guidelines for investigating causality of sequence variants in human disease.Nature,508(7497), 469. Marzano, G., Lubkina, V., Usca, S. (2014). Developing practices for adult educators evaluation. InProceedings of The International Scientific Conference(Vol. 2, pp. 162-171). Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation of antecedents. Improving Training Effectiveness in work organizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation of antecedent. Improving Training Effectiveness in work organizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teachout (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-189. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Reames, B. N., Krell, R. W., Campbell, D. A., Dimick, J. B. (2015). A checklist-based intervention to improve surgical outcomes in Michigan: evaluation of the keystone surgery program.JAMA surgery,150(3), 208-215. Reicks, M., Trofholz, A. C., Stang, J. S., Laska, M. N. (2014). Impact of cooking and home food preparation interventions among adults: outcomes and implications for future programs.Journal of nutrition education and behaviour,46(4), 259-276. Sikora, D. M., Ferris, G. R. (2014). Strategic human resource practice implementation: The critical role of line management.Human Resource Management Review,24(3), 271-281. Steffen, W., Richardson, K., Rockstrm, J., Cornell, S. E., Fetzer, I., Bennett, E. M., ... Folke, C. (2015). Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet.Science,347(6223), 1259855. Wright, P. M., Coff, R., Moliterno, T. P. (2014). Strategic human capital: Crossing the great divide.Journal of Management,40(2), 353-370

Woodrow Wilson Vs The Senate Essay Example For Students

Woodrow Wilson Vs The Senate Essay â€Å"The Only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing†Edmund BurkeThey say time is a great teacher. How true. History has taught us that peace must be kept at all costs. At the end of World War 1, the common goal between the victorious nations throughout the world was to declare peace. The leading statesmen of these triumphant nations met in Paris to draw up the Treaty of Versailles, which would decide the fate of the central powers. Woodrow Wilson, the American President, created fourteen points as the basis for peace negotiations. Among these fourteen points was the most controversial and yet the most important to President Wilson, the League of Nations. President Wilson developed its charter and soon died from exhaustion after his own country, the United States, refused to ratify it in the senate. American policy had temporarily shifted from isolationism to internationalism because of the war, however the United States senate was not ready for the responsibilities of a world peacekeeper. Due to a republican majority, senators Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Beveridge, and other isolationist senators helped to sway the rest of congress to deny the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. These senators believed that by entangling themselves in an international organization they would create new alliances, which would commit them to go to war. Also, Lodge felt that the League of Nations would be able to control the United States military by limiting the number of armaments that a nation could have. Due to Article 10 and the limitations on armaments, which the senators objected, and the inability to compromise on the deadlock between the President’s beliefs and the Senators, led to the failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. These factors lead the senate to their decision, which left the world vulnerable for another war and the eventual demise of the League of Nations. We will write a custom essay on Woodrow Wilson Vs The Senate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Fourteen Points were one of Wilson’s major accomplishments while he held office. Wilson introduced this theory on what he believed were successful measures in not only preventing Germany from beginning a war again, but to prevent all wars. After all World War One was the war to end all wars. These Fourteen Points included proposals such as freedom of the seas, general disarmament, the removal of international trade barriers, impartial settlement of colonial claims, the restoration of Belgium, the evacuation of Russian territory, and the League of Nations. Wilson made many mistakes that the senate would use against him. When Wilson left for Europe on board the â€Å"George Washington† , he brought with him a peace commission. This peace commission consisted of Colonel House, Robert Lansing, General Tasker H. Bliss, and only one Republican, Henry D. White. The Republicans resented Wilson for only bringing one member of their party to represent them. However, Wilson ha d a â€Å"distrust of coalitions in politics.† The Republicans also felt that White â€Å"was not the representative which the Republican Party would themselves had chosen.† Wilson felt that by limiting his opposition in Europe he would have a better chance of attaining peace. However, this choice was the beginning of the opposition Wilson faced from his own country during the peace talks. Wilson believed he had the support of his own people when he left for Europe. Ironically, Wilson also believed that, â€Å"The men, whom we are about to deal with, do not represent their own people.† Yet, it was Lloyd George, the Prime Minister of England, who had just finished an election that would send him to Paris with a very popular mandate. Georges Clemenceau, the leader of France, had also just finished an election in which he won a vote of confidence four to one. However, in November, in the midterm elections, it was shown to the world that America did not support thei r leader. The election in 1918 resulted in a clear Republican majority for the Senate and the House. This led President Wilson to â€Å"issue a public appeal for the election of a Democratic majority in both houses of Congress in order that he might be wholly unhampered in the approaching negotiations.† This was unsuccessful and showed to spectators that there was a difference of opinion between these two parties. The President felt even more opposition from his country when former President Theodore Roosevelt spoke openly of his lack of support when he stated, â€Å"our allies and our enemies, and Mr. Wilson himself, should all understand that Mr. Wilson has no authority whatever to speak for the American people at this time.† With the events that took place, Wilson faced a very painful question on his passage back to the United States. Without a Democratic senate would the Treaty of Versailles be ratified? President Wilson brought the Treaty of Versailles back to the Senate on July 10, 1920, but he found opposition from the Senate. The Senators that opposed the treaty were Henry Cabot Lodge, Alfred Beveridge, and other isolationists. It was these Senators that helped to sway the rest of the congress to deny the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty was too extreme for most isolationists to accept. The American Senate with a Republican majority gave Henry Cabot Lodge both floor leader and the chairman of the committee of foreign relations. This gave Lodge an enormous amount of power because in treaties, â€Å" the President would negotiate but the Senate must approve.† The senate accused Wilson of compromising too much with Clemenceau and George. They believed that this treaty infringed on American sovereignty and would later commit them to a war that did not involve the United States. It is in the constitution that only the congress of the United States could declare war, not an international organization. President Wilson ’s advisors warned him that a treaty involving the United States in an international police force would not be passed in the senate. However, Wilson believed that the senate would be forced to pass this treaty because, â€Å"He did not believe that the senate would dare incur the odium of committing so dastardly a crime against humanity.† The key article that threatened American sovereignty was Article 10, which read, â€Å"The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against external aggression of the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.† President Wilson explained to the senators that this was a moral obligation but not necessarily a legal obligation. A nation would have the right to exercise it’s own judgment in each case; they would not be forced into war. Another reservation Lodge was concerned with was limiting the number of armaments that a nation could possess. Lodge wanted the United States to be able to increase their armament without the League knowing about it. They felt that by committing to this reservation, the League of Nations might gain control of the United States military. Another proposal by Lodge was to give the United States the right to ignore the League of Nations against sanctioning such nations as Germany and continue to trade with them. Even if this was against what the League believed was right. These reservations by Lodge would only benefit one nation and not mankind, which was what President Wilson, was striving towards and would not compromise on. Many senators favored this treaty, but approval of a treaty requires two- thirds of the Senate. However, the Senate was split into three different belief groups. These groups were â€Å"Democrats who supported the League C ovenant without changes; Republican â€Å"irreconcilables,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦who opposed the League absolutely; and Republican â€Å"Reservationists† led by Lodge, who demanded changes in the Leagues covenant as a condition of their support.† With this clause, establishing the League of Nations would be more difficult than Wilson believed. Henry Cabot Lodge used many different tactics to draw support away from President Wilson. He delayed the Senates vote in order to diminish support for the Treaty of Versailles. He insisted that the entire treaty, which consisted of 264 pages, be read aloud before the Senate. Continuing to change the reservations that he disagreed with, Senator Lodge proposed fourteen formal reservations to the Treaty of Versailles. Senator Lodge was willing to sign the Treaty of Versailles if these certain changes to the treaty were agreed upon. On March 3rd 1919, Senator Lodge collected thirty-nine signatures from members of the Senate demanding that the re be changes made to this treaty. These additions to the treaty would place safeguards that would protect America’s right to protect the Monroe doctrine. This reservation made sure that domestic issues did not lead to the interpretation of the Monroe doctrine by an international organization. Now, the only way the Senate would approve the pact was if the entire document would be accepted, including Senator Lodge’s proposals. President Wilson refused to compromise with Senator Lodge and tried to save the treaty through State legislatures. He toured the country from coast to coast seeking support from the public. President Wilson gave thirty-seven speeches in only twenty-two days. However, in between speeches the President received a stroke from the stress he had endured, which put him close to death. Even after physical and nervous exhaustion, which caused him to stay in bed for several weeks, Wilson could not let the changes be made to the treaty. Though he was too we ak to take action of his own, he was still strong enough to interfere. Wilson would not compromise on any of the issues brought forth by Lodge. â€Å" Let Lodge compromise† was the order given to his democrats going into the vote. He told his democratic party to vote against the treaty that included Lodge’s reservations. The final vote took place on March 19, 1920. The simple majority failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority to ratify the treaty. If Wilson had stepped back before the vote took place and was willing to compromise on the reservations, then more people would have supported it. But Wilson and his political rival were stubborn and stayed in a deadlock. Therefore, the treaty failed to be ratified. Wilson died on February 3, 1924 and along with him died the United States involvement in the League of Nations and the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles. Out of the Fourteen Points came Wilson’s most important achievement at Versailles, the cr eation of an international peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations. Woodrow Wilson did all that he could to gain the support of his people for the acceptance of the League of Nations in the Treaty of Versailles. He believed that the idea of collective security was the key to keeping world peace. Yet, Wilson was ahead of his time. America was not ready to switch from an isolationist state to an international peacekeeper. The American senate wanted to make changes to the treaty in order to secure their international stand on domestic issues. But Wilson was unwilling to compromise on securing peace for mankind, so Wilson gained nothing. The ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations would fail, however the idea still burned on, and the United Nations would be formed after the Second World War. American History

Ways to Say Thank You in Spanish

Ways to Say Thank You in Spanish Chances are that one of the first words you learned in Spanish is gracias, the most common way to say thanks or thank you. Gracias is, of course, a useful word and should top any list of words Spanish students should learn. How To Use Gracias, a  Word for Thanks If you wish to indicate what youre giving thanks for, use the preposition por to mean for: Gracias por el regalo, which means thank you for the gift. If you want to say thank you very much, you can use muchas gracias or even muchà ­simas gracias. Also common is mil gracias, literally a thousand thanks. As you might guess, gracias is closely connected with- technically, its a cognate- the English word grace. The connection can be seen most easily if you remember that giving a prayer of thanks before a meal is sometimes known as saying grace. Gracia, the singular form of gracias, also has some of the other meanings of grace. Some examples of how gracias can be used: Gracias por ser quien eres. (Thank you for being who you are.)Gracias por tu comprensià ³n. (Thanks for your understanding.)Gracias a las lluvias de este aà ±o hemos podido disfrutar de estas cascadas. (Thanks to this years rains we have been able to enjoy these waterfalls.)Gracias, mi amigo, por todo lo que me das. (Thank you, my friend, for everything you give me.)Sobre todo, te doy las gracias por hacerme muy feliz. (Above all, I give you thanks for making me very happy.)Estas gracias son tambià ©n para todos vosotros. (These thanks are also for all of you.) ¡Un millà ³n de gracias a nuestros patrocinadores! (A million thanks to our sponsors!)Muchas gracias por su solicitud. (Thank you very much for your application.)Te ofrezco mis gracias sinceras. (I offer you my sincere thanks.) Agradecer and Related Words If youve gone beyond learning the basics of Spanish, you also can use the verb agradecer, which is used to express gratitude, appreciation or thanks. Two related words are also in common use: agradecido (grateful, appreciative or thankful) and agradecimiento (appreciation or gratitude). Note that agradecer is irregularly conjugated if youre speaking about yourself in the present tense. So agradezco is the form to use to say something such as I am grateful or I appreciate. Following the conjugation pattern of conocer, it is also irregular in some other forms youre less likely to use. Te agradezco el regalo. (I appreciate the gift.)Me siento agradecido (agradecida if youre female) por el regalo. (I feel grateful for the gift.)Estoy agradecido (agradecida if youre female) por el regalo. (I am grateful for the gift.)Quizs no estaban agradecidos por el favor que hice por ellos. (Perhaps they never appreciated the favor that you did for them.)Les agradecemos por su donacià ³n para los nià ±os. (We appreciate your donation for the children.)Me dijo que me agradecà ­a mucho por el fin de semana. (She told me that she was grateful to me for the weekend.)Los propietarios merecen muchos agradecimientos por su generosidad. (The owners deserve much appreciation for their generosity.)Es importante que cada familia cree una cultura de agradecimiento. (Is it important that each family create a culture of gratitude.)

Essay on International Families

Essay on International Families Essay on International Families Introduction The family structure on an international basis comes from the diverse nature of the world. This is basic even in the simple family structure. The status, â€Å"nuclear family† does not give sense to our society as it once did. The change in the mode of family diverts to single parents as single parents raise more children. The growth of diverse families in terms of religion, race and ethnicity increases with globalization. The differences are common in the life of children, making it a comfort issue in the making of unique family decisions. Families are different, making it difficult to link the similarities and differences. Children are likely to compare their family situations with others making it viable for them to get lessons on appreciation. Comparison on international families International families consists of traditional and the modern family. To analyze this understanding, we look at the family in terms of sociology. International families come in different sizes and family types. The modern family is smaller but uses independence to ensure continuity and growth in the family. The traditional family protects its members by using obedience and bringing the family together. The modern family displays as a nuclear family comprising of a father, mother and children. The average number of children may be one or two depending on the family setting. The comparison of this in the traditional family is the existence of extended individuals. The traditional family setting comprises of more children, grandparents, parents and sometimes aunties and uncles. International families also differ in the roles played in the family. The modern international families present a working father and mother. Both their income help in the upkeep of the family. The father helps in the family chores and in the taking care of the children. The mother and father share equality in the roles presented in the family. The traditional family provides a different setting where the father financially provides for the family. The mother’s responsibility is in taking care of the house chores and in taking care of the children. The other difference is in the values of the family. The modern family values independence. They take matters into their own hands, working to secure responsibility of their actions. This transfers to their children making them independent. The traditional family values obedient values with the father being the main authority of the family. As a result, the children depend on the family. The families display many differences, but also have many similarities. Both families focus on the family’s happiness. The modern family ensures happiness through sharing responsibilities and promoting independence. The traditional family aims at pro tecting the family by ensuring followed authority. The analysis of the families will be in form of values, cultural aspects and relations. Values The interception of family values into the family extends to ensuring working within the set beliefs and standards. It comes with importance for international families to consider the difference in upbringing children. Values of a family help in the definition of beliefs and importance of family growth. The high series of staggering statistics indicate high rates of single mothers, divorce, and reduced child bearing statistics in black families. The difference between the white and black family has an achievement in terms of maintaining stability approach. The â€Å"black family† tales charge in urban centers experience incompleteness in urban centers. An analysis of a documentary, provides us with details pertaining the growth of the family in different views. The documentary follows up very well through on the two high school students, William Gates and Arthur Agree, as they went through with their education in their first year of college. The movie plays a superb role in th e film industry because it is used as a tool to demonstrate some of the social issues faced in the inner city life in the poor black neighborhood. The movie also portrays that it really takes a lot of support either from family, friends as well as a lot of self-motivation in order to encourage and achieve the kind of dreams that transform Arthur Agree’s life having to know the kind of harsh reality that they were facing already not knowing what lay ahead of them. This is seen in the movie as it entails the story of two high school students In Chicago who had a dream of becoming professional basketball players. The two African American teenagers; Arthur Agree and William Gate, studied in a white, Roman Catholic high school called St. Joseph High School in Westchester, Illinois after being recruited by the schools’ scout (Kalman 202). Cultural aspects Cultural aspects play a big role in bringing up children. Different families follow different cultural aspects. International families hold cultural values passed down from their ancestors. Despite the economic adversity, long hours commuting, change in environment and difficult training, Agree and Gates worked very hard to enhance their basketball skills despite the competitive industry in the job. Their families also played an important role in supporting them with the school basketball program. In the film, we get to see Americas’ present view of education, race, economic diversity, social class and values. William Gates of the two students is obsessed to play in the National Basketball Association. Four years down the line, William Gates progresses to the Nike All-America basketball camp. During the camp, one of the coaches, Mr. Lee, informs them that the only reason they were in the camp was to make their schools win and make a lot of money. At the camp, the college coach es tended to overlook high school players. Family relations differ in the procedures of solving neglect and in the advice of teenagers. In relating with other individuals, the life of children varies from the system followed at home and that of school (Mcbride 228). The description of the film shows the family as a social institution relating with the American community. For example in the case scenario where ‘coach Lee’ gives advice to Arthur Agree and William Gates that everything they were getting involved was at it about money and even quoted; â€Å"the whole thing is about money† and tried to explain how they were being used by the school so that it would win and make a lot of money. He even went to further to tell them that, the only way that people like them, people from the poor black neighborhood, would defend themselves as well as their interests from such situation, was through being aware of the fact that it was not just about playing basketball but everything was revolving around money (Mernissi 235). Arthur Agree lived with his parents who broke up but later made u and were back together after Arthur’s father had a drug problem (crack) but managed to get over it. They lived in the Cabrini-Green housing project, whereas; William Gates lived with his single mother and his older brother called Curtis who had missed his own basketball career in college but didn’t give up but rather invested his dreams in his younger brother William Gates. He had so much trust in his small brother such trust in his younger brother such that he even made a comment saying he does not see how the brother, William Gates was not going to make it through his career. Arthur Agree meets his hero in basketball, Isaiah Thomas, an NBA star when he visited St. Joseph High School. William is very excited and makes big smiles as he goes one on one with his favorite basketball star. Isaiah’s had been a student at St. Joseph High School. Arthur Agree and William Gate get temporary scholarships to St. Josephs High School because the school seemed to be a lifetime opportunity to prosper in the pro career in basketball. William and Arthur read at a fourth grade level. William finds a private sponsor to support him cater for the tuition share through St. Josephs high school after facing financial constraints. This only happens after William decides to improve on his reading level and fairing on well in the varsity basketball team. On the other hand, Arthur does not fair on well in his sports or academics. He has indecent behavior in class and gives an excuse that he has been around many white people though he was ready to adjust. Arthur’s coach, Coach Pingatore, sees this kind of behavior as a way of deteriorating to the influence of the new environment Arthur was in (Scheibner 213). Image and identity is differently laid in the public and private sector. The private aspect of the film concentrates on the main issues concerning smoking. Arthur, both in the private and public setting, does not show a difference in his opinion on smoking. His statements in the private setting of his company can be compared to while he is in public. It is controversial as in the real world; many people will have two different characters. In public, attributes of calmness, understanding, and action orientation will be portrayed, but in private, they will posses opposite attributes (MapXL 45). Relations Through relations international families build a strong relation with other individuals. The overall message outlaid by the film creates a basis for discussion. Various competing views are presented in the film. The flexible views strongly rely on the people who the message is targeted. The movie stats in favor of Arthurs views, as he is perceived to have more relevant opinions. Audiences love him, as he is able to justify his arguments, using statement that will draw the attention of crowds. Knowing well that most people relate to evil things, or bad lifestyles, he uses this aspect to support his views. The stable view is that smoking is going to be a continued aspect no matter the circumstances. It is clear that no matter how many talk shows are held on smoking, the tobacco industry will continue to have a reasonable number of customers. Some patients who have cancer due to smoking continue to hold their smoking habit with an attitude of nothing being able to change the circumstanc es faced. This aspect is unchangeable as control to every individual is difficult to attain (Kalman 202). Conclusion The structure of the family is an international basis comes from the diverse nature of the world. This is basic even in the simple family structure. The status, â€Å"nuclear family† does not give sense to our society as it once did. The change in the mode of family diverts to single parents as single parents raise more children. The growth of diverse families in terms of religion, race and ethnicity increases with globalization. The differences are common in the life of children, making it a comfort issue in the making of unique family decisions. Families are different, making it difficult to link the similarities and differences. Children are likely to compare their family situations with others making it viable for them to get lessons on appreciation. If you need custom essays for money dont hesitate to visit custom writing company now! Affordable prices start from $13/page. Professional writers will help you on any topic.

Case Study Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study Analysis - Research Paper Example Even sites that were contaminated got their attention. They refused to give up. The Americans made few mistakes. The Mexicans made many mistakes. At times it seemed as though they were trying to obstruct justice. They contaminated scenes and slowed down the process. They refused to cooperate in the interests of getting to the bottom of the case. Indeed, they did little investigating on their own. Most of the time they followed the Americans around trying to prevent them from finding new evidence. There was a serious air of complicity in their actions. The Americans had a hard time because they werent in their own country and had to obey the Mexican law enforcement agents. That made their situation especially difficult. Under normal circumstances, the rule of law would have applied, and it would have been much easier to do their investigation in a timely and methodical fashion. In the United States those who obstruct the investigation of law enforcement agents face a criminal complaint. Unfortunately this case occurred before many modern methods of investigation were available. DNA profiling would have been useful. The best method of collecting a sample is through a â€Å"buccal swab.† Sometimes this requires a court order and police can’t get it. In these cases, other methods can be used including taking samples of blood, saliva, semen, or other fluid or tissue from personal items (for example, toothbrush, razor, etc) or stored samples. Sometimes, samples taken from blood relatives may be used to catch bad guys. So far these methods have proven to be very successful. These processes could have been done on the bodies and the residence and the

Montessori and Steiner were both pre-occupied with the development of Essay

Montessori and Steiner were both pre-occupied with the development of the child as an individual. Considering both approaches, which methods did they use to encourage development - Essay Example In this essay paper, I am going to consider Montessori and Steiner approaches of the development of the child as an individual, and come out with analysis concerning these two approaches. Both the two approaches; Montessori Approach to Child Development and Steiner Approach of Child Development focus on how the children get acquire new knowledge on their surroundings, especially in the classroom setting. They all consider the aspects of individuality, environment and nature, readiness to learn, age groups as well as resources, as analyzed in each of them below. Montessori Educational Approach is a school of thought towards understanding the child development, developed by an Italian scholar by the name Dr. Maria Montessori. The approach emphasizes on providing a child with a room for personal independence, the freedom that gets monitored to some extent and appreciation and recognition towards a natural child psychology (Montessori, 1964). It also emphasizes on the appreciation and recognition of a child’s development both in the physical and the sociological perspectives as well as aspects. Montessori approach to child development is a child-centered educational perspective and has the basis of making numerous scientific observations towards a children life, starting from his or her birth to adulthood. The approach views a kid as naturally eager to have the knowledge and get capability towards initiate learning in an environment free from other obstacles that may inhibit the process of knowledge intake by the young ones. It, therefore, support and encourage the creation of an environment that is supportive, thoughtful prepared and comfortable such that the child is free from possible disturbances that may distract his attention. Montessori perspective values the human spirit as well as the growth and development of physical, social,

Business Structure Advice Essay Example for Free

Business Structure Advice Essay Owner- Congratulations for taking the first step in starting your own business. I am confident that I can provide you the necessary information that you need in order to help you make the best decisions for you and your new business venture. Developing a detailed business plan is key in starting a successful business. When forming a business you will first need to decide on the business structure. In your email you stated that you were on whether or not you wanted partners. You have the following options for business structures: sole proprietorship or partnership. A sole proprietorship is the basic type of business structure. It would consist as you being the owner only to run and operate the business. The advantages of this business structure is that it is easy to start-up, the start-up costs are low and the owner receives all profits from the business. Also, the owner can upgrade to a partnership or corporation easily in the future. A disadvantage to this business structure is the proprietor is responsible for debts and obligations. Business earnings for a sole proprietorship is taxed once, thus making filing taxes not complicated. Funding for a sole proprietorship is usually from personal finances and friends and families. This is due to limited financial opportunities from lending institutions and investors. A partnership involves you and at least one other person. There is two types of partnerships: general and limited. In a general partnership owners are equal and split responsibilities accordingly. In a limited partnership the limited partner have a limited role. The advantage of a general partnership is that the business is easy to start and profits and losses are divided among the partners. A disadvantage is that all partners are liable for debt. Another disadvantage is that all partners are bound to actions or decisions made by one partner. Last, this is not a good structure if the partnership wants large capital. For this type of business structure, each partner is taxed. A limited partnership is ideal for who has a preference of not having an active role in the company. Advantages include: minimum government regulations, limited partners not held responsible for debt and liabilities, and gener al partners have complete control. Disadvantages for a limited partnership are: more expensive to create compared to a general.

Stereotyping, Through the Eyes of Teenage Girls :: essays research papers fc

STEREOTYPES Through the Eyes of Teenage Girls A ‘stereotype’ by definition is a generalized image of a person or group, which does not acknowledge individual differences and which is often prejudicial to that person or group. People in general develop stereotypes when they can’t or are hesitant to get all of the information they need to make fair judgments about a person, or a group of people. When this type of situation happens, as it most often does, the person judging misses the ‘whole picture.’ Stereotypes in many cases allow us to ‘fill in the blanks’ and come to our own conclusions. Our society is the main culprit of the creation of stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is unfavorable. Stereotyping often results from, and leads to, prejudice and bigotry. (3) Concerning our group project we decided to narrow down this broad topic of stereotypes into specific teenage girl stereotypes. In starting we had to find out the major differences in the sexes, and how it related to stereotypes specifically. We decided to make up surveys to get answers that addressed our topic. We felt that with around 2,000 different answers we would be able to draw some kind of conclusion of the student body of girls in Souderton High School. Before we could do that though, we had to get the background information on some certain topics like how boys and girls differ in the issue of stereotypes, the consequences of stereotyping, and if stereotypes can be changed. Then we could address our specific questions like the different types of stereotypes, and the way each girl functions in her own stereotype. To start off, teenage boys tend to be more competitive and aware of their own achievements than teenage girls. Teenage girls tend to place a higher importance on forming close and meaningful friendships than boys at that age. The differences between teenage boys and girls are influenced by traditional sex role stereotypes. Teenage girls tend to communicate more with their parents, including them in their life, while teenage boys are less likely to share their feelings and their activities. But the teenage girls who are able to communicate feelings, despite a negative self-image, are better able to withstand peer group pressure than boys are. Boys have a greater want to fit in with the others than girls do. Through researching we found that a stereotype can have a great influence on the behavior of a certain individual in that group.

Accounting Management Technique for Google Essay

Google, Inc. has been one of the fastest growing and profitable companies in the world. Since its inception in 1998, it has revolutionized the way the world uses the Internet. Though Google has its hands in many different projects, the classification of industry under which Google falls is simply the Internet search process. Initially, Google strived to be the â€Å"perfect search engine† (About google, n.d.). Today, they have evolved to become that and more, with application developments that are user-friendly, their form of electronic mail, and their streamlined and sleek method of helping other businesses reach their target markets with simple advertisements. Google is renowned for their exemplary customer service and providing one of the top-sought-after workplaces in the world (Smith, 2011). With simple guidelines for their practices, Google is the industry leader in user-friendly web applications. Their ten keystones for their business are all customer-focused and are aimed at being the best and fastest. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) would be the best management technique for Google to implement. Though Google is in business to make money, there are a lot of soft features associated with Google that go unaccounted for in every other management technique. Since Google is so human-dependent from the creator of the application to the end-user, it follows naturally that a management technique like the BSC would be most effective. See more: Foot Binding In China essay The financial performance should be considered, but the non-financial information like customer satisfaction, efficiency and effectiveness of the internal processes and the learning and growth portions of the BSC are most applicable to the operations at Google. Google’s fate and financial success rest heavily on their human resources. The employees they choose to hire have to be top-notch to keep Google at the top of their game. Google depends on their employees to provide superior customer service, to work in ways that are most efficient, and to keep on the edge of the needs of the people so that they can develop new ways to serve them. Being able to manage these non-financial factors effectively determines the fate of Google. References About google. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.google.com/about/ Blocher, E., Stout, D., & Cokins, G. (2010). Cost management: a strategic emphasis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Smith, J. (2011, December 15). The best companies to work for. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/jacquelynsmith/2011/12/15/the-best- companies-to-work-for/

How Will You Avoid Plagiarism Commerce Essay

Leadership is a quality to direct the people but what is more of import than an ability to direct is to procure obeisance from the audience about that way. Peoples are a crowd and to carry and actuate them to travel for something jointly is the undertaking of leading. A leader knits these people into a squad and so steer how to move in integrity. A leader motivates his squad with his action, personality and personal appeal to follow and execute the undertaking given whole heartedly. However, this function of leading is excessively general and seems easy to execute. This undertaking becomes more and more hard when there is a demand of persuasion to travel for martyrdom. In uniformed services, be it arm forces, constabulary, fire brigade or any other, the employees are non merely like any other employee in civil set ups. Their functions and responsibilities are different from all the others and hence needs a different kind of motivational degree to execute their hazardous responsibilit ies. It must be kept in head that during the public presentation of responsibilities, there is a hazard of life which is otherwise negligible in any service other than those mentioned above. UK constabulary is one of the most professional constabulary force around the universe and is known for their professionalism, dedication, public presentation and motivational committedness toward their responsibilities and state as a whole. Like any other force, it needs motive to transport on its committedness degree. On organisational degree, there are a figure of motivational factors and theories which are working to maintain this motivational degree at the top of the universe, but there is another factor which provides a roadmap for the organisation towards professional committednesss. This is leading. Leadership is the beacon visible radiation for the employees and a leader by his stature, committedness, and energy to execute his responsibilities impress upon the other employees and actuate them for the martyrdom in public presentation of their responsibilities. On many cases there are a figure of known leaders in the history of UK patroling who have provide a motivational base for the employees and the impacts of the same travelled a long manner and kept the constabulary section proud for times to come. The function of leading has a relationship with the motivational degree of the organisation.3. Preliminary Review of the LiteratureGive a brief critical reappraisal of the literature that you have read in composing the proposal and explicate how these mentions relate to your undertaking. Do n't bury to give a list of beginnings used ( a lower limit of 6 ) – usage the Harvard Referencing system. Have you a conceptual model? If so, include. Justify the demand for the research in relation to the literature you have reviewed.. Motivation has a long history among states, ground forcess, offices and squads. Psychologically, human ecrus in hunt for grounds to execute any undertaking and he may happen it in faith, responsibility or cause. But for the grounds he has to be convinced about the action he is traveling to execute. It needs motive and encouragement. There is a batch of literature available on motive in signifier of theory X and Y, Malsaw ‘s theory of demand and hierarchy of demands. Similarly there are theories approximately leading as great event theory, trait theory etc to specify the function and nature of leading. Role of Leadership in motive is farther deliberated at that place. Robbins construct of motive, 1999 forwards the followerss ground for motive: All physical activity is preceded by mental action of some kind. All behavior is end directed and aims to accomplish some coveted province of personal businesss. Persons seek to maximize pleasance and minimise hurting and un-pleasantries. Similarly, Motivation can be considered as the rousing, way and care of human behavior toward achieving some end † ( Buelens et al. 2006 ) To increase motive among the employees D. McGregor ( 1960 ) finds two utmost logics. One as theory and the other as theory Y. harmonizing to theory Ten it is natural for human to dislike work and they will withstand the work whenever they will hold the chance. But in theory Y he finds that it is natural for human existences to work as they need nutrient and slumber. Merely motive they need is acknowledgment of their work. These both theories have their ain virtues and demerits. In leading theories, these are the leaders who perform motivation tools and are polar for the success of any organisation. Leader might be born or made but the common trait they must hold is their bid over their people and to procure their obeisance.4. Research Questions and AimsHere you should compose your research inquiries as they emerge from the background and critical literature reappraisal. Develop these into 3-5 specific research aims that begin with toaˆÂ ¦ and usage higher degree verbs e.g. to place, explore, measure, look into, explicate, depict, etc.Purposes and aim of the research:In this survey our chief focal point remains on the relationship between motivational degree of an organisation and function of leading. This survey is based on instance survey of UK police section and will stay chiefly focal point to the motivational theories being applied in UK constabulary section, leading theories being practiced and function theoretical accounts of the constabulary sec tion. In instance of these function theoretical accounts, we will look into their manner, theoretical accounts of leading, personal part toward the motivational degree of organisation and part in development of leading theoretical accounts and theories with specific mention to patrol force. In order to accomplish the intent and to avoid any divergence during the survey, following purposes and aims has been defined: Study the motivational degree of the employees in UK constabulary section as comparison to other forces and so far as possible a comparative analysis of UK police section ‘s motivational degree with a few others. Motivational theories and application of these motivational theories in constabulary section as comparison to other services which are working in the civil side and corporations. Leadership theoretical accounts and survey of the best applicable theoretical account of leading for a force like UK constabularies section Study and rating of function of leading in motive particularly in constabularies force Role theoretical accounts in UK constabularies and their imprints on the section In order to accomplish these purpose and aims, we will look profoundly in the established organic structure of literature in general and for constabulary and other armed forces in peculiar.Research inquiry:In order to maintain the survey focal point and consequence oriented, following research inquiry has been framed: Does the leading motives the employees to in accomplishment of professional and national responsibilities?5. Research PlanThis is the most of import subdivision. A clear description of the three stages of the Research Plan is required: Perspective/general attack Design for run intoing your aims Data Collection Methods What is the entree and trying scheme ( including sample Numberss ) ? How will the informations be analysed and presented? What are the restrictions of your research? Comment briefly on cogency, dependability and generalisability. Note: This subdivision is non meant to be a reappraisal of the literature on research methods by and large.Research methodological analysis:In our instance there are two research methods which might be applied as per literature of the research methodological analysis in order to specify the way and tools of research to continue farther. Choice of these methods is chiefly dependent on our purposes and aims defined for the intent of the survey. In visible radiation of these purposes and aims we have to choose the method as to positivism and interpretism. Interpretism is method to construe the occurrences traveling on around us and to explicate the same and really much applicable in explicating natural occurrences. On the other manus, positivism is believed to be applicable in all those instances where research worker wants to explicate the insouciant relationship between two dependent variables and aid in theory edifice procedure in the terminal. â€Å" Positivism has a long and rich historical tradition. It is so embedded in our society that cognition claims non grounded in rationalist idea are merely dismissed as a scientific and hence invalid † ( Hirschheim, 1985, p.33 ) In our research, we have selected the method of positivism being most applicable in our instance.Research Approachs:Research attacks are meant to specify the agencies and methods to carry on a research so that a concrete program for the executing of the research plan could be conducted in the most befitting mode. A research attack helps the research to travel for techniques of informations aggregation and analysis thereof, reading of consequences and a aid to border attendant theories. ( Collin & A ; Hussey, 2003 ) There are two types of attacks in this respect. One is qualitative and the other is quantitative. In researches where there are state of affairs and researches to specify and happen qualitative relationship between the two factors and inductive theoretical account of thought is followed. It is affirmatory instead than confirmative in nature. ( Saunders et al, 2007 ) . Whereas quantitative attack is chiefly meant to prove the hypothesis through experimental ways by agencies of facts and figures put into the established theorem to prove their cogency. Quantitative research is believed to be the best where quantifiable figures could be generated like natural scientific disciplines. In our research faculty, the best option as to near toward the research is qualitative method. In our research, we are aimed to attest the research inquiry as to avowal of relationship between two abstract things, i.e. , leading and motive and to prove relationship between the two. Quantitative attack emphasized on the confirmation of hypothesis through scientific methods like experiments and are often been used in scientific research particularly in natural scientific disciplines. In our instance, we have adopted the attack of qualitative research.3.3 Research Strategy — Surveies:In research doctrine, the basic parametric quantities of research attack, tools and methods have been discussed. Research scheme is the pant and package of that research design and it focuses on the choice of informations aggregation tools to look into the affair and to fulfill the purposes and aims of the survey already specified. As we have adopted for positive design of the research, maintaining i n position the qualitative attack, the appropriate manner of informations aggregation in this instance will be studies. My basic tool would stay interviews and studies.3.4 Data Collection method:Data Collection is the pivot for successful and consequence oriented research. A information compromised survey leads toward catastrophe and ailment founded consequences and it is hence emphasized by the research workers for a healthy and reliable informations aggregation activity in any research. Data are of two types: Primary informations and Secondary informations. Primary information is one which is collected for the first clip and is specific for the intent of survey. It is ever to the point and its aggregation Techniques corresponds with the purposes and aims of the survey. Whereas, in instance of Secondary informations, the information is collected ab initio for some intent other than the research. Secondary beginnings are available in signifier of statistical studies, electronic info rmation bases, libraries hunts, books, diaries etc. For the intent of this research chief focal point shall stay on primary informations aggregation through studies in signifier of questionnaire. However, wheresoever required, adequate aid from the secondary beginnings will be utilized to the best of this research.3.5 Strengths of the Methodology:The truth of consequences of a research predominately depends upon the methodological analysis adopted. No 1 can deny the importance of methodological analysis. It is the glass through which a research worker sees the truth behind the dust of intuition and goes beyond the universe of what and why ( Burks 2001 ) . Methodology adopted in this instance is based on qualitative research and conducted through the tool of Surveys. In this method, research worker has a direct entree to the individual under survey and all looks and behavior is known to him. Although, it would be subjective to cipher behavior of the topic under survey but in this instance disciplinary steps and extra information, if required, are possible to recover and to do the record heterosexual. As in this survey, study is to be conducted through questionnaire prepared for this intent but still the last inquiry is kept unfastened to measure the behavior every bit good extra information topics want to supply. The first manus cognition and accent on primary informations makes this survey dependable and intimate.3.6 Restriction of the methodological analysis:There is a factor of confidentiality which might move as confining factor for the survey.6. Ethical ConsiderationsWhat we are looking for here is a treatment of any ethical issue s raised by your peculiar proposal and how you propose to manage them. You will necessitate to admit and follow the There are no evident ethical issues foreseen to originate out of our proposal.7 Timetable and any particular resources requiredInclude a Gantt chart. Alert us to any peculiar jobs you are likely to confront.Time frame:ActivityFour Calendar month1234123412341234Read LiteratureTenTenFinalize AimsTenTenRead methodological analysis literatureTenTenProposalTenTenCase surveiesTenTenTenTenGather DataTenTenTenTenAnalyze informationsTenTenTenTenUpdate literature readTenTenDraft to supervisors FeedTenTenRevision DraftTenTenPrint & A ; BindTenSubmissionTen

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg

Archaeology of a German Hillfort Called Heuneburg Heuneburg refers to an Iron Age hillfort, an elite residence (called Fà ¼rstensitz or princely residence) located on a steep hill overlooking the Danube River in southern Germany. The site includes an area of 3.3 hectares (~8 acres) within its fortifications; and, according to the latest research, at least 100 ha (~247 ac) of additional and separately fortified settlement surrounds the hill. Based on this latest research, Heuneburg, and its surrounding community  was an important and early urban center, one of the first north of the Alps. Alternate Spellings: Heuneberg Common Misspellings: Heuenburg History of Heuneburg Stratigraphic excavation at Heuneburg hillfort identified eight main occupations and 23 construction phases, between the Middle Bronze Age and Medieval periods. The earliest settlement at the site occurred in the Middle Bronze Age, and Heuneburg was first fortified in the 16th century BC and again in the 13th century BC. It was abandoned during the Late Bronze Age. During the Hallstatt Early Iron Age period, ~600 BC, Heuneburg was reoccupied and extensively modified, with 14 identified structural phases and 10 phases of fortification. Iron Age construction at the hillfort includes a stone foundation about 3 meters (10 feet) wide and .5-1 m (1.5-3 ft) high. Atop the foundation was a wall of dried-mud (adobe) brick, reaching to about a total height of 4 m (~13 ft). The mud-brick wall suggested to scholars that at least some sort of interaction took place between the elites of Heueneburg and the Mediterranean, illustrated both by the adobe wallmud brick is strictly a Mediterranean invention and was not previously used in central Europeand the presence of approximately 40 Greek Attic sherds at the site, pottery produced some 1,600 kilometers (1,000 miles) away. About 500 BC, Heuneburg was rebuilt to match Celtic models of hillfort design, with a wooden wall protected by a stone wall. The site was burned and abandoned between 450 and 400 BC, and it remained unoccupied until ~AD 700. Reoccupation of the hilltop by a farmstead beginning AD 1323 caused extensive damage to the later Iron Age settlement. Structures in Heuneburg Houses within the fortification walls of Heuneburg were rectangular timber-framed structures built close together. During the Iron Age, the mudbrick fortification wall was white-washed, making this prominent structure stand out even more: the wall was for both protection and display. Crenelated watchtowers were built and a covered walkway protected the sentries from inclement weather. This construction was fairly evidently built in imitation of classical Greek polis architecture. Cemeteries at Heuneburg during the Iron Age included 11 monumental mounds containing a rich array of grave goods. Workshops in Heuneburg held craftspeople who produced iron, worked bronze, made pottery and carved bone and antler. Also in evidence are craftspeople who processed luxury goods including lignite, amber, coral, gold, and jet. Outside Heuneburgs Walls Recent excavations concentrated on regions outside Heuneburg hillfort have revealed that beginning in the Early Iron Age, the outskirts of Heuneburg became quite dense. This settlement area included Late Hallstatt ditch fortifications dated from the first quarter of the sixth century BC, with a monumental stone gate. Iron Age terracing of the surrounding slopes provided a place for expansion of the settlement area, and by the first half of the sixth century BC, an area of some 100 acres was occupied by closely spaced farmsteads, enclosed by a series of rectangular palisades, housing an estimated population of about 5,000 inhabitants. The suburbs of Heuneburg also included several additional Hallstatt period hillforts, as well as production centers for pottery and artisanal wares such as fibulae and textiles. All of this led scholars back to the Greek historian Herodotus: a polis mentioned by Herodotus and located in the Danube valley ca 600 BC is called Pyrene; scholars have long connected Pyrene with Heuneberg, and the identified remains of such an established settlement with important production and distribution centers and a connection to the Mediterranean is strong support for that. Archaeological Investigations Heuneberg was first excavated in the 1870s  and sustained 25 years of excavations beginning in 1921. Excavations at Hohmichele mound were conducted in 1937-1938. Systematic excavations of the surrounding hilltop plateau were conducted from the 1950s to 1979. Studies since 1990, including field walking, intensive excavations, geomagnetic prospection, and high-resolution airborne LIDAR scans have concentrated on the outlying communities below the hillfort. Artifacts from the excavations are stored at the Heuneburg Museum, who operates a living village where visitors can see the reconstructed buildings. That web page contains information in English (and German, Italian and French) on the latest research. Sources Arafat, K and C Morgan. 1995 Athens, Etruria and the Heuneburg: Mutual misconceptions in the study of Greek-barbarian relations. Chapter 7 in Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies. Edited by Ian Morris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 108-135 Arnold, B. 2010. Eventful archaeology, the mudbrick wall, and the early Iron Age of southwest Germany. Chapter 6 in Eventful Archaeologies: New approaches to social transformation in the archaeological record, edited by Douglas J. Bolender. Albany: SUNY Press, p 100-114. Arnold B. 2002. A landscape of ancestors: the space and place of death in Iron Age West-Central Europe. In: Silverman H, and Small D, editors. The Space and Place of Death. Arlington: Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association. p 129-144. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2012. Heuneburg: First city north of the Alps. Current World Archaeology 55:28-34. Fernndez-Gà ¶tz M, and Krausse D. 2013. Rethinking Early Iron Age urbanisation  in Central Europe: the Heuneburg site and its archaeological environment. Antiquity 87:473-487. Gersbach, Egon. 1996. Heuneburg. P. 275 in Brian Fagan (ed), The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Maggetti M, and Galetti G. 1980. Composition of iron age fine ceramics from Chà ¢tillon-s-Glà ¢ne (Kt. Fribourg, Switzerland) and the Heuneburg (Kr. Sigmaringen, West Germany). Journal of Archaeological Science 7(1):87-91. Schuppert C, and Dix A. 2009. Reconstructing Former Features of the Cultural Landscape Near Early Celtic Princely Seats in Southern Germany. Social Science Computer Review 27(3):420-436. Wells PS. 2008. Europe, Northern and Western: Iron Age. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1230-1240.

Semantics - Definitions and Examples

Semantics s The field of linguistics  is concerned with the study of meaning in language. Linguistic semantics has been defined as the study of how languages organize and express meanings. Oddly, says R.L. Trask, some of the most important work in semantics was being done from the late 19th century onwards by philosophers [rather than by linguists]. Over the past 50 years, however, approaches to semantics have proliferated, and the subject is now one of the liveliest areas in linguistics.  The term semantics (from the Greek for sign) was coined by French linguist Michel Brà ©al (1832-1915), who is commonly regarded as a founder of modern semantics. Observations The technical term for the study of meaning in language is semantics. But as soon as this term is used, a word of warning is in order.Any scientific approach to semantics has to be clearly distinguished from a pejorative sense of the term that has developed in popular use, when people talk about the way that language can be manipulated in order to mislead the public. A newspaper headline might read. Tax increases reduced to semanticsreferring to the way a government was trying to hide a proposed increase behind some carefully chosen words. Or someone might say in an argument, Thats just semantics, implying that the point is purely a verbal quibble, bearing no relationship to anything in the real world. This kind of nuance is absent when we talk about semantics from the objective point of linguistic research. The linguistic approach studies the properties of meaning in a systematic and objective way, with reference to as wide a range of utterances and languages as possible.(David Crys tal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006) Basic DivisionsBased on the distinction between the meanings of words and the meanings of sentences, we can recognize two main divisions in the study of semantics: lexical semantics and phrasal semantics. Lexical semantics is the study of word meaning, whereas phrasal semantics is the study of the principles which govern the construction of the meaning of phrases and of sentence meaning out of compositional combinations of individual lexemes. . . .The job of semantics is to study the basic, literal meanings of words as considered principally as parts of a language system, whereas pragmatics concentrates on the ways in which these basic meanings are used in practice, including such topics as the ways in which different expressions are assigned referents in different contexts, and the differing (ironic, metaphorical, etc.) uses to which language is put.(Nick Riemer, Introducing Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2010)The Scope of SemanticsA perennial problem in semantics is the del ineation of its subject matter. The term meaning can be used in a variety of ways, and only some of these correspond to the usual understanding of the scope of linguistic or computational semantics. We shall take the scope of semantics to be restricted to the literal interpretations of sentences in a context, ignoring phenomena like irony, metaphor, or conversational implicature.(Stephen G. Pulman, Basic Notions of Semantics. SRI International, Cambridge, England)[S]emantics is the study of the meanings of words and sentences. . . .As our original definition of semantics suggests, it is a very broad field of inquiry, and we find scholars writing on very different topics and using quite different methods, though sharing the general aim of describing semantic knowledge. As a result, semantics is the most diverse field within linguistics. In addition, semanticists have to have at least a nodding acquaintance with other disciplines, like philosophy and psychology, which also investigate the creation and transmission of meaning. Some of the questions raised in these neighboring disciplines have important effects on the way linguists do semantics.(John I. Saeed, Semantics, 2nd ed. Blackwell, 2003) Linguistic Semantics and GrammarThe study of meaning can be undertaken in various ways. Linguistic semantics is an attempt to explicate the knowledge of any speaker of a language which allows that speaker to communicate facts, feelings, intentions and products of the imagination to other speakers and to understand what they communicate to him or her. . . . Early in life every human acquires the essentials of a languagea vocabulary and the pronunciation, use and meaning of each item in it. The speakers knowledge is largely implicit. The linguist attempts to construct a grammar, an explicit description of the language, the categories of the language and the rules by which they interact. Semantics is one part of grammar; phonology, syntax and morphology are other parts.(Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics. Routledge, 1998)

Social Networking Product Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Networking Product - Assignment Example However, there are some critics regarding child safety and social and cultural issues which require more attention and modification in the corporate policy. The aim of this section would be to help marketing managers at myspace.com to make their decisions based on marketing strategies and tactics. The main issues to have the Gap Analysis on are "Target Customers" and "Market Forecasts". MySpace is presently known as the world's sixth most popular English-language website and also the third popular website in the United States. Therefore it is needed to have a comparison between the first goals of MySpace comparing the current target customers. We need to know who uses MySpace now and who makes a benefit of it. Gap Analysis helps us to do this comparison and close the gaps using tactical approaches. MySpace influences the market too. People join this web site for free and they can get a personalized website for themselves trying to promote their products to millions of people whit out paying money to rent a domain or to pay a lot of cash to build a website. For example in music industry, "bands that have no money to invest in marketing can now expose their homemade sound to a pretty big demographic, the entire world. Bands can customize their site and update it with new music, tour dates, pictures, friends, and blogs about different topics." (Minor, 2007) There are also copyright issues caused by the users who place copyrighted content on the website and gain the access of the product to millions of people for free which needs Gap Analysis. Also the share of MySpace in the market can also be considered. Using market forecasts, we can have a review on future numbers, features and tendencies of the MySpace market and the influence on other markets. 2. Product Concept In Marketing Mix, "The major marketing management decisions can be classified in one of the following four categories: Product, Price, Place (distribution) and Promotion. The product is the physical product or service offered to the consumer. In the case of physical products, it also refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. Product decisions include aspects such as function, appearance, packaging, service, warranty, etc."(QuickMBA, 2007) MySpace is a service which functions as social networking website, providing the opportunity for people to get closer to each other, form communities and share the information of their interest. "Pricing decisions should take into account profit margins and the probable pricing response of competitors. Pricing includes not only the list price, but also discounts, financing, and other options such as leasing." (QuickMBA, 2007) MySpace not only provides its services at no charge for consumers but it helps millions of people to promote their own product and services for free and helps them make a huge amount of money and this makes it very popular and growing. "Place (or placement) decisions are those associated with channels of distribution that serve as the

Final ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final - Assignment Example ccuracy1 believes that the possible low bids from the competition, if there is any competition, and the associated probabilities and associated payoffs are those shown in the attached table (file â€Å"Exam2 Tables.xlsx†, sheet â€Å"Exam2-Q1-2†). In addition, Accuracy1 believes there is a 30% chance that there will be no competing bids. What should Accuracy1 bid to maximize its EMV? The optimal choice is $120 Q2. The following is for Problems 1-2. Accuracy1 Incorporated, a company that specializes in scientific instruments, has been invited to make a bid on a government contract. The contract calls for a specific number of these instruments to be delivered during the coming year. The bids must be sealed, so that no company knows what the others are bidding, and the low bid wins the contract. Accuracy1 estimates that it will cost $5000 to prepare a bid and $95,000 to supply the instruments if it wins the contract. On the basis of past contracts of this type, Accuracy1 believes that the possible low bids from the competition, if there is any competition, and the associated probabilities and associated payoffs are those shown in the attached table (file â€Å"Exam2 Tables.xlsx†, sheet â€Å"Exam2-Q1-2†). In addition, Accuracy1 believes there is a 30% chance that there will be no competing bids. What should Accuracy1 bid to maximize its EMV? The EMV for this optimal choice is $ ____K (please keep 2 decimal place, e.g. in the format of 12.34). Q3. The following is for Problems 3-5. A local energy provider offers a landowner $180,000 for the exploration rights to natural gas on a certain site and the option for future development. This option, if exercised, is worth an additional $1,800,000 to the landowner, but this will occur only if natural gas is discovered during the exploration phase. The landowner, believing that the energy companys interest in the site is a good indication that gas is present, is tempted to develop the field herself. To do so, she must contract