Lord Of The Flies And Othello Comparison free essay sample

Article, Research Paper Master of the Fliess and Othello Comparison The antique subject of good versus shamelessness is introduced in both William Golding s Lord of the Flies ( LOTF ) , and William Shakespeare s Othello. The characters are utilized to demo the contention between the two. Simon and Desdemona who speak to virtue and epitomize a natural goodness are tested by numerous characters that do non have a similar blessed characteristics who have truly died down to the unethical behavior that is, in each way, their inverse. Jack and Iago speak to the impropriety in the books. Shockingly in the two pieces we see the death toll for the unadulterated characters through the fastens of unethical behavior. The unethical behavior does non needfully win, as the two characters keep up their standings as unsloped and entirely unadulterated people, even in their uncouth slayings. Simon and Desdemona obviously speak to all that is acceptable known to mankind. The characters are depicted by the essayists to be truly understanding and empathetic people. Desdemona communicates in her phonetic correspondence and activities, an unpracticed individual, unselfish love and worry for other people. This is obvious when Desdemona makes requests for sake Cassio for Othello s pardoning, and in her failure to grok a grown-up female s want to rip off. Cassio has asked Desdemona to do a request to Othello for his arrival to office. Desdemona, being the merciful grown-up female that she is asks Othello the principal opportunity she gets, Great my Godhead, If I have any effortlessness or capacity to travel you, His current rapprochement return. For on the off chance that he be non on that really adores you that blunders in numbness, and non in tricky I have no supposition in a fair face. I prithee name him back. ( 94-95 ) Despite the fact that this demonstration of positive attitude makes Desdemona look liable of an issue with Cassio, it other than gives her affection and worry for other people. After Othello s accusals Desdemona arrangements to Emilia about criminal discussion. Desdemona inquires as to whether there be grown-up females make abuse their hubbies in such gross sort? What's more, later says, I do non accept there is any such grown-up female ( 142 ) she can non grok that a grown-up female would make something like this, permit totally execute the offense herself. Simon other than partitions that equivalent sympathy and feeling of worry for other people. This is exhibited commonly all through the content however is featured by his consideration for the littluns and Piggy. They talked, shouted out ununderstandably, carried him towards the trees. At that point, in the midst of the blast of honey bees toward the evening daylight, Simon found for them the natural product they could non make, pulled off the choicest from up in the leaf, passed them down to the unending, outstretched sets. ( 57 ) In this scene Simon has all the earmarks of being a Jesus for the littluns. He is unselfish in his work to gracefully everybody with the supplement they have to last. Another instance of this happens when Jack and the huntsmans come back from the Hunt with meat for the entirety of the male childs, aside from Piggy. Piggy is irritated with the intercession he is having, however is still rejected meat from Jack. Now Simon cleaned his oral hole and pushed his bit of meat over the stones to Piggy ( 78 ) Through these and different scenes Desdemona and Simon s amiable attitude and worry for others is made self-evident. Iago and Jack are the main characters in the books that utilization aninnate indecencies to challe nge all characters, especially those that have an innate goodness. Genuine Iago who is a completely misleading character is persuaded that Nothing can or will content my mind Till I am leveled with him wedded lady for wedded lady. Or on the other hand dismissing in this way, yet I put the Moor in any event into green-peered toward beast so solid that assessment can non bring around. ( 76 ) Iago’s calumniatory toxicants without further ado face their result, and the Moor seethes over his wife’s envisioned unfaithfulnesss. After numerous lies and set-ups Iago has persuaded Othello that Desdemona has non been unwavering. He encourages Othello to Strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath debased ( 126 ) His damaging equivocations have surrounded the full dramatization and terminal in the killing of Desdemona by the guardianships of her caring hubby. Jack initially seems coming out of the # 8220 ; dimness of the woods. # 8221 ; This picture anticipates the malevolent capacity he plays in the account. Jack, who is the pioneer of huntsmans, convinces huge numbers of the male childs to fall in the Hunt and killing of pigs, and consequently of Simon. After the primary hoard is killed Jack gives out the meat gladly to the all the children, aside from Piggy. Jack had intended to go forward him in vulnerability, as an averment of intensity ( 78 ) . Directly before St. simons killing he shouts Make our move! Please! Move! ( 167 ) Jack demands that everybody enunciation in on the ceremonies. The children get carted away in the satanic move and when Simon creeps out of the wood to parcel his comprehension they execute him. Both Jack and Iago spread their unethical behavior and play a significant capacity in the perish of the unpracticed individual. In spite of the fact that the killing of the two characters is inappropriate and uncalled for, the journalists clarify that they have non been debased by the shamelessness that ended their lives. Golding makes a point to painstakingly detail Simon s burial. The accompanying in an apply from his entombment The H2O rose further and appareled Simon s coarse hair with brilliance. The line of his cheek silvered and the twist of his shoulder became graven marble. Some place over the obscured bend of the universe the Sun and Moon were crying. Delicately, encompassed by a fringe of theoretical splendid creatures, itself an Ag structure underneath the unfaltering setups, Simon s dead natural structure moved out towards the detached ocean. ( Golding 170 ) It is an extremely idyllic change from the content and Golding topographic focuses such complement on it to solidify the way that Simon really was a righteous individual, and remains this way in perish. As Desdemona lies in her deathbed she is given one final breath to converse with her attendant. The medical attendant requests to cognize who hath done this title? what's more, Desdemona who has remained delicate and adoring creature answers Nobody-I myself. Goodbye. Laud me to my sort Godhead. O, goodbye! Desdemona s genuine nature is appeared in her perish. Her capacity to excuse the grown-up male who took her life features the sympathy and understanding this grown-up female had. Both Golding and Shakespeare make it truly certain that the unethical behavior and corruptness that encompassed Desdemona and Simons perish do non outcome them. The subject of good versus corruption is clear in both LOFT and Othello. Desdemona and Simon who are the unadulterated characters are tested in life by the indecent characters spoke to by Jack and Iago. In spite of the fact that the underhandedness wins in ending their lives it is non winning in the fight to distort the unadulterated.

An Analysis of the Poem Spain by W. H. Auden Essay Example

An Analysis of the Poem Spain by W. H. Auden Essay What is Aden attempting to accomplish recorded as a hard copy this sonnet? As a matter of first importance, Aden is requesting to reflect on the connection between the past, the present and what's to come. The sonnet alludes to the past as History is the administrator People ought not be constrained by the past and it should assist them with making the future > motivation from an earlier time (initial segment of the sonnet). Tomorrow the augmenting of cognizance by diet and breathing (in addition to all the lines on Tomorrow) demonstrate trust that humankind will draw from the imaginative past rather than pulverization. The last nines are stating to act now in the present, not trust that History will settle everything. When the sign has passed, you can't offer assistance nor request pardoning. Aden is likewise consuming the countries to get occupied with the war. And furthermore move individual ramifications of the individuals of Spain and Europe. By and large, this sonnet is questionable, Aden doesnt take sides which makes this sonnet a unique and an incredible portrayal of the Spanish Civil War. He shows the rights and wrongs on the two sides (republican and patriot). We will compose a custom paper test on An Analysis of the Poem Spain by W. H. Auden explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on An Analysis of the Poem Spain by W. H. Auden explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on An Analysis of the Poem Spain by W. H. Auden explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer He likewise shows the complexity previously, during and after the war (yesterday, today and tomorrow). Before war is the ideal opportunity for creation, development and offering worldwide all inclusive history. A portion of the lines that are the most persuading in persuading us regarding the centrality of Spains Civil War are in refrain 18 the threatening states of out fever are exact and alive This verse depicts berry well the loathsomeness, dread, obliteration that the war has brought upon the individuals. The war considerations have supplanted the typical regular musings about the medication promotion and the leaflet of winter travels.

Mental Health Resources at Illinois

Mental Health Resources at Illinois Hey everyone! I’d like to start off by congratulating all of you officially declared Illini! Welcome, and know that you’re in for an exciting four years! With finals in full swing, the mood on campus is a mix of anxiety and anticipation for the end of the semester. I thought I’d write a quick post on some of the mental health resources here, because it’s not something I really thought about before coming to campus my freshman year, but it’s useful information to know. The two main resources for students are the Counseling Center and Mental Health Clinic at the McKinley Health Center. Both offer different types of consultation from professionals and outreach programs depending on your needs. I was really surprised to discover how many of my friends had sought out counseling at some point, and how common it is across campus. It’s also nice that the mandatory health service fee that students pay covers the cost of services offered at the Counseling Center and McKinleyâ€"so get help while it’s free! There are also more informal ways to talk about mental health, or seek creative outlets with peers through registered student organizations like Open Ears, and the Illini Art Therapy Association, for example.  Whether you’re interested in seeking help for yourself, or offering your support to others, there are a number of different ways in which you can take initiative. Its nice to know that these options exist before you move  to a new place. Freshman yearand college in general certainly has many ups and downs, so dont feel ashamed if you feel overwhelmed at any point. There will always be people on campus who want to listen to your problems, no matter how big or small. Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

Mental Health Resources at Illinois

Mental Health Resources at Illinois Hey everyone! I’d like to start off by congratulating all of you officially declared Illini! Welcome, and know that you’re in for an exciting four years! With finals in full swing, the mood on campus is a mix of anxiety and anticipation for the end of the semester. I thought I’d write a quick post on some of the mental health resources here, because it’s not something I really thought about before coming to campus my freshman year, but it’s useful information to know. The two main resources for students are the Counseling Center and Mental Health Clinic at the McKinley Health Center. Both offer different types of consultation from professionals and outreach programs depending on your needs. I was really surprised to discover how many of my friends had sought out counseling at some point, and how common it is across campus. It’s also nice that the mandatory health service fee that students pay covers the cost of services offered at the Counseling Center and McKinleyâ€"so get help while it’s free! There are also more informal ways to talk about mental health, or seek creative outlets with peers through registered student organizations like Open Ears, and the Illini Art Therapy Association, for example.  Whether you’re interested in seeking help for yourself, or offering your support to others, there are a number of different ways in which you can take initiative. Its nice to know that these options exist before you move  to a new place. Freshman yearand college in general certainly has many ups and downs, so dont feel ashamed if you feel overwhelmed at any point. There will always be people on campus who want to listen to your problems, no matter how big or small. Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

The On The Entertainment Industry - 1074 Words

Those who have followed my work for awhile know that I am one who believes strongly in highlighting young people in the entertainment industry. During season three of When Calls the Heart, I had the opportunity to briefly interview both Ava Grace Cooper and her brother, Christian Michael Cooper. While both were featured on the show, my chat with Christian happened before his character, Timmy, even appeared on the show. As a result, I was not aware of the caliber of acting this young thespian was capable of. As I watched his performance last season and on to this season, I have been dumbfounded by the maturity and expertise he brings to his role, and very shortly, the world will have the opportunity to witness his prowess in the upcoming†¦show more content†¦It was so fun to see him again. I must admit I am unfamiliar with your show Cult. What can you tell us about the show? Well, I had a recurring role, and the show only ran one season. I was in eight of the fourteen episodes. What I do remember from the show is walking with my mom on the show, and a car came up and I was pulled into this car, and we drove away really fast. I also remember being in a box when I was kidnapped. I remember I couldn t see out of the box, and I told them that it was too dark. Then they got a tool and cut a bigger hole in the box so that I wasn t scared. Christian, that means even at the age of five, you weren t scared to speak up on set and tell the adults about this potential problem. And they listened to you. That is really a great story. And since that show, it looks like you ve been booking things pretty steadily. Yes, I am very happy to do every role I ve done. It s been so much fun! I wanted to take a moment to highlight the short film you did called Sidekick. How did you book this role? It was quite a long time ago when I first auditioned for it, but I remember that it was a taped audition, and then I came in for a callback. The writer/producer {Jeff Cassidy} had worked with me before. He was the cameraman on Cult. So he really wanted me for this role. And when I found out who the actors were--Emily Bett Rickards is in Arrow! When did you shoot this film? It was late spring of last year. In this film, you play aShow MoreRelatedThe Entertainment Industry Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagesin this case the puppeteers are the entertainment industry. Our choices of entertainment determine who we are to an extent. It is more of how we act on the influences we see in entertainment. We all love juicy drama and scandals because it adds suspense in our lives. We like seeing who wore it best when you open up a magazine just because it gives us something to do on our spare time. What makes us mold our behavior and thinking when it comes to entertainment is how you stay true to yourself andRead MoreThe Modern Entertainment Industry1776 Words   |  8 Pagesprimitive needs such as food and shelter, most humans within modern society cannot survive without attention from others and entertainment such as movies and television. Humans are simply not satisfied until they get their needs met. The modern entertainment industry is enormous. With an immense industry comes an even more subst antial amount of workers. With such a large industry comes an excessive amount of pressure to produce fresh, never before seen material to entertain the masses. Not only is thereRead MoreThe Media And Entertainment Industries Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesand audio communication. This would allow citizens to acquire information from economics and politics, which would benefit citizens by staying informed about specific topics. However, the media and entertainment industries would eventually expand their ideas for new channel stations, so that the industries could appeal to a new target audience. This new target audience would emerge as children between the ages of 3-18, due to the creation of new animations that would entertain and educate children.Read MoreThe Film Industry And Its Impact On The Entertainment Industry971 Words   |  4 Pagesthe U.S. film industry, marking the inclusion of sound at the movies one of the most dramatic changes in all of film history. At first the concept of synchronized sound had many studios worried about the economic risk. As history goes on to prove, anything that requires growth and change, includes the willingness to take a chance. Had it not been for the leading creators of the early 20th century, one of the biggest and most profound economic advancements in the entertainment industry would have neverRead MoreAre Celebrities Overpaid? : The Entertainment Industry1663 Words   |  7 PagesCole Anderson Mrs. Gallos English 3H 18 April 2016 Are Entertainers Overpaid? The entertainment industry in America has taken businesses to new heights and provided everyone with something to always look forward too. Americans love entertainment and are always willing to pay, but is it worth the price of millions? Today s entertainment has reached its peak, but Americans are starting to question whether or not the entertainers truly deserve the money they are given. Are entertainers paid what theyRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The Entertainment Industry Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of this issue? Specifically, I will attempt to highlight the use of gender stereotypes in the form of visual advertisements, such as magazines and television commercials. I will also be considering the use of gender stereotypes in the entertainment industry, particularly in the making of TV shows and movies. The power of the media in transcending gender - related information is well-described by Tom Bogt, an interdisciplinary social science researcher, in his scholarly article, â€Å"Shake It BabyRead MoreMass Media And The Entertainment Industry949 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluenced by an outside force like mass media and the entertainment industry? Some believe that mass media and the entertainment industry should be responsible for causing eating disorders in young girls, while others believe differently. I believe that mass media and the entertainment industry portray beauty in a deadly way, since they establish a false image of a â€Å"perfect† woman. Others think that mass media and the entertainment industry should not be accountable for eating disorders becauseRead MoreThe Issues Facing The Entertainment Industry848 Words   |  4 PagesAs technology advances, so do the issues that come with it. One of the biggest issues facing the entertainment industry is piracy. It is illegal under federal law to copy or reproduce someone else’s work without their permission, not to mention it is also unethical. There are arguments to be made that it is hurting the entertainment industry by losing revenue. While people may try to justify illegally copying technology the truth is it is no different than someone robbing a bank. When a studio producesRead MoreImpact Of Technology On The Entertainment Industry Essay1677 Words   |  7 PagesJillian Menkhaus Marlaina Kehrer Emilee Cornell Patrice Hill Entertainment and Technology Technology has been beneficial to the entertainment industry. the Internet has evolved over the course of time, we are able to browse the internet, communicate in a more proficient way, live stream, and sharing memories with family and friends. The Internet can be used in many different ways but entertainment has improved the internet’s popularity.Technology has provided use with more ways to entertainRead MoreMicrosoft Versus Sony : Entertainment Battle The Entertainment Industry1378 Words   |  6 PagesMicrosoft versus Sony: The Entertainment Battle The entertainment industry is a major cash cow for many different organizations. There are some that create different movies and television shows; others compete in the realm of music. The video game industry is yet another aspect of the entertainment industry. Two companies stand tall as the number one and two competitors within the heap. Sony and Microsoft have separated themselves from amongst the pack as the leaders to wa tch within this generation

Integrity Principle By Defrauding The Insurance Company

integrity principle by defrauding the insurance company. The bookkeeper was concerned about this shady technique. Further he asked the bookkeeper to just fudge the claims by asking for authorizations with certain language –to extend the client’s sessions as he had promised them. This was in violation of the principle of integrity which states we, as psychologists, are to â€Å"avoid unwise or unclear commitments†. This principle also includes criteria we must uphold of promoting â€Å"accuracy, honesty and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology†. We are not to â€Å"steal, cheat or engage in fraud, misrepresentation of facts†, etc. (The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 2010). Because I am his†¦show more content†¦He must go to any length necessary to make things right and suffer any consequences or financial loss incurred. After all, integrity is critical in the life of a therapist as he or she models integrity to their clients. In the words of Edward E. Sampson Archie Smith Jr â€Å"Honesty and dishonesty and the willingness to make decisions, think critically and contextually matters when dealing with the moral life of providers, help seekers and the recipients of care† (Sampson and Smith, 2014) Now, consider this case study as it relates to the APA Principle D: Justice. At a meeting of therapists, we were on a break when Randy, a fellow Psychologist, revealed that he had been asked to do an MMPI and also a Wechsler Intelligence scale for a client. Though not trained in either, Randy said he had winged it and administered the test and given the client a loose interpretation of the results. This was a red flag to me because of the principle of justice in the APA code. Clearly, this was a breach of this fourth principle. This principle makes it clear we must exercise justice by exercising â€Å"precautions to ensure that our potential biases, the boundaries of our competence and the limitations of our expertise do not lead to unjust practices†. (The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 2010) Anyone practicing psychology should be willing to share their competencies with a consumer of

The Strawberry Fields By Eric Schlosser - 1306 Words

Bethany Beaudoin Professor Byrne English 1510 9/24/17 Farmers and Their Fields Strawberries are treasured by numerous throughout the world, but feelings may transformation after the unveiling of some dark secrets of strawberry farms. â€Å"In the Strawberry Fields† by Eric Schlosser brings up many concerning realities about what life is truly like for strawberry pickers. Many of these farm workers are illegal migrants from Mexico. Because of their illegal status, they are far less probable to go to the authorities with complaints of unfair treatment. Many strawberry field owners are more than willing to take advantage of this. Strawberry pickers are often overworked, poorly paid, and not treated fairly. Most are Mexicans searching for work so†¦show more content†¦These Mexican workers will work strenuously in hopes of earning more money, yet despite the extra hours of labor, their income hardly increases. This unfair treatment is far too common for workers such as these. On average, a strawberry picker works 12 hours a day. Not only is this cons idered working overtime, it is also extremely strenuous on one s body. Bending down low to pick the faultless strawberries is challenging for anyone, and hours of this can be tremendously painful. When forced to work like that several days a week for months at a time, permanent spinal impairment is common. Overworked, underpaid, and all around mistreated, these field workers deserve better treatment. Improved living environments could possibly come about merely by reasonable salaries. If everyone got paid the accurate amount for the work accomplished, money would not be such a struggle. It may not pay well, but minimum wage would be sufficient to at least help workers find places to live. The demanding hours and low pay makes life far more challenging than it ought to be. â€Å"Paying less than minimum wage brings the greatest savings of all† (Schlosser). While paying less than minimum wage saves the farm owners money, it turns these poor migrants work into something that is nearly slave labor. Often, Spanish speaking workers will sign an English contract, even though they comprehend nothing about it. While this may benefit the owners, it is cruel and unfairShow MoreRelatedIn The Strawberry Fields Eric Schlosser1289 Words   |  6 Pageskids. Eric Schlosser in his article In the Strawberry Fields honestly assessed the conditions of the migratory work force in California straw berry fields while providing facts and evidences to support his observations. In his article the author mainly focused on three aspects of immigrants problems. The first one is lack of legal status and depressed living conditions. The second is wages and the third is hazardous health conditions that the workers face while working. Eric Schlosser in hisRead MoreIn The Strawberry Fields By Eric Schlosser2000 Words   |  8 Pagesillegally, by travelling on foot for several days, crossing deserts, mountains and the southern border of USA, to get a decent and secured better lif e for them and for their kids. Eric Schlosser in his article In the Strawberry Fields honestly assessed the conditions of the migratory work force in California straw berry fields while providing facts and evidences to support his observations. In his article the author mainly focused on Living and working conditions, wages and hazardous health conditionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Eric Schlosser s The Strawberry Fields 1615 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican dream. However, the way, does not always possess the same innocent light of the optimistic saying. In Eric Schlosser’s article, â€Å"In the Strawberry Fields† he discusses exactly that. Immigrants often end up doing the laborious farm work most Americans are unwilling to do with good reason. More specifically, he discusses the working conditions of migrant workers in strawberry fields, one of the most difficult row crops to grow. This work is largely done in California where the farming industryRead MoreMcdonald s Fries : The Holy Grail Of French Fries1032 Words   |  5 PagesSome people would argue that McDonald’s fries are the Holy Grail of French fries. Ray Croc, one of the founders of McDonald’s wrote in his autobiography that the French fry was â€Å"almost sacrosanct for me† (Schlosser 50). What was it that made their fries the leader in fast food? In the early years, it was the way they were fried that gave them this intriguing flavor. As time progressed, in the mid 60’s, they began to use frozen fries to cut cost, and people noticed. In the 90’s, consumers beganRead MoreThe Plight Of The Immigrant Farmer Worker Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 1510 November 20, 2016 The Plight of the Immigrant Farm Worker Have you ever wondered how really bad it is to be an immigrant farm worker? The article â€Å"In the Strawberry Fields† by Eric Scholsser, he looks at the hardships that face immigrant farmers. Though there are laws to try and help the immigrants Schlosser observed â€Å"The temptation to break the law can be great. The punishments for doing so are rarely applied† (86). From sharecropping and low wages to deplorable living conditionsRead MoreEssay Reefer Madness Summary1366 Words   |  6 PagesReefer Madness Eric Schlosser To start off, the main driven idea of this book is the black market, or what they refer to as the underground and â€Å"shadow economy†. The underground has its choices and consequences as well as any other type of economic system do. But, in this case the underground can be a country’s main economy for survival such as, â€Å"In Bolivia the underground economy is responsible for an estimated 65 percent of GDP. In Nigeria it accounts for perhaps 76 percent.† (7) This type ofRead MoreThe 9 / 11 Attack Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagestheir situation. One can find mostly Mexican immigrants working in crop fields picking all sorts of fruits and vegetables, considering that the hardest job is as a strawberry picker, and it all being unjust in the way that they treat and pay them. Eric Schlosser in his book â€Å"Reefer Madness† includes the condition on how an immigrant man by the name of Felipe was working and the way that he felt about the job as a strawberr y picker. â€Å"They use us all year as slaves,’ he said. ‘They pay us whateverRead MoreFast Food Industry By Eric Schlosser3535 Words   |  15 PagesEstrella Introduction 1. Eric Schlosser chose the topic of fast food industry because he became quite inspired after reading an article about illegal immigrants in a strawberry field and how they a suffered in the process. The article was based on an investigation that was placed on the fields while they worked. It was also based on the immense impact that this industry had on society. Schlosser wanted to as said in his book â€Å"shed light† to the world on how successful hard working industry worksRead MoreIs Fast Food Blame For Obesity?1822 Words   |  8 Pagesthere are about 30,000 McDonald restaurants and every year the company opens up roughly 2,000 new ones. They set the standard for the rest of the industries. Its widely imitated practices not only by fast food industries but also by companies in other fields. McDonald’s is a colossus, its America’s largest purchaser of beef, pork and potatoes, and 2nd largest purchaser of chicken. One of the largest owners of retail propert y in the world. Most of its money is earned not only by selling hamburgers, but

Socio-Economic Differences Virgin Airlines

Question: Discuss about the Socio-Economic Differences for Virgin Airlines. Answer: Problem Statement In the problem statement, the researcher describes what he would find out. Here, impact of socio-economic differences in Virgin Airlines is described along with the issues, solutions to negative impacts are also described (Benady, 2009). The solutions and challenges are based on the research questions which are described below. Research questions What are the issues and difficulties of socio-economic differences faced by an Australian organization? What are the objectives and goals of an organization to solve the issues regarding socio-economic differences? Are these strategies relevant to international business? If not why? Background of the research The background of the study is based on the issues and challenges of socio-economic differences faced by an organization (Alegbeleye, 2014). In organizations, communications can occur between customer and employees or between the internal employees. Socio-economic problems in business typically stem from misunderstandings. These problems can lead to distrust and low morale. Issues such as cultural clashes occur when people from different backgrounds fail to acknowledge and value differences (Jha, 2013). As a result, it leads to more inferior product and service quality. According to me, socio-economic differences should not take place in Airlines industries. In most of the Australian organizations, employees resigns from the office and the reason behind this is socio-economic difference between two employees. A better society in workplace requires everybody to take an interest entirely. The socio-economic differences can be removed from the organization if the organization is engaged in providing high salaries to the employee (Maloutas, 2007). The managers of a particular organization such as Virgin Airlines regularly experience issues inspiring individuals to take proprietorship for their particular communication problems. However, instructing representatives on the advantages of imparting unmistakably can lessen work environment anxiety or strain and advance better connections (Carayannis and Korres, 2013). The purpose of the research The purpose of the research is to solve the issues which occur due to socio-economic difference in workplace. Main reason behind this is the socio-economic problems which can be prevented when the employees should assess their communication style and behavior. Consequently, it would describe how expressive and assertive they behave when they are engaged in communication (Manison Shore, 2014). The utilisation of reflecting statement helps in building trust and rapport. Subsequently, communication is improved in an organization. Apart from these, open-ended and probing questions enable better dialogue. Research methodologies Research Assumptions A research assumption is a realistic expectation which people believe that the research is true. It means the research is done in such a way that it clearly explains all points by providing evidence (SEGERSTEDT, 2008). Here, assumptions are also considered such as taking examples of an organization such as Virgin Airlines socio-economic problems also occur in this particular organization. Research assumptions provide a basis for developing research instruments and theories. Research Design The plan of the research study is known as research design. It determines whether the research proposal or thesis is experimental, semi-experimental, descriptive or correlational, review-based or Meta-analytic. Therefore, this research is descriptive (Rethinking Design Data, 2013). Obviously, this particular research proposal about social marketing is not case study based, but it is a descriptive based proposal. The research design is the system that has been created for seeking answers to research questions. Research Instruments Research instruments are the fact-finding strategies. It includes the tools for collecting data. It also consists of questionnaires, observation, reading and interviews. Here, observation and reading are used as research instruments (Finding successful communication strategies, 2008). Analysis of Data Collection Method Since everybody knows, there are two types of data collection process such as qualitative and quantitative data collection method. From these two process, this research is based on quantitative data collection method because the research is observational and descriptive (Yao, 2013). Quantitative data can be analysed in different ways. The analysis is helpful in the evaluation because it gives quantifiable and easy to understand results. Quantitative data analysis has four levels such as nominal, ordinary, interval and ratio. But here, none of these is applicable (Thompson, 2009). Here, only descriptive data are applied. Research outcome From the overall research, there is only one outcome, and that is the solutions to the socio-economic problems (Hays, 2010). The solutions are half described in the purpose of the research part, and the other half is described in the recommendation section. Recommendation and Conclusion Recommendation Recommendation describes the improvement of workplace or normal society. There are solutions which needs to be taken right from the start. It means the solutions are the parents. A child should be taught properly. Education and media are the two responsible factors which impact the society. The nature of training is the specifics of what is really instructed, and the general reason toward which kids are taught. It is one of the most critical components that figures out what the world will resemble later on. Alongside, the child receives education at home from parents and it is likely the absolute most critical deciding variable (Etzioni, 2003). After individuals grow up to adulthood, their training in some sense proceeds through their regular introduction to the news media. Therefore, education is needed. People and children see news and television gets influences and misleaded by TV shows. As a result, later on in an organization, the individuals applies their childhood concepts in workplace. The solution to broad system of media sources possessed by a not-for-profit association that exists to maintain the sort of qualities that produce most extreme advantage for society and its kin. Such a system would incorporate all types of media, and would likewise look to pick up a critical offer of control over the framework of transmission and spread of news and data, so that general society could have admittance to it. Conclusion Keeping a workplace free of socio-economic difference is essential in business achievement. Social inequality is the fundamental characteristic of the fabric of society as well as for the organization. It does not matter whether an employee is poor or rich. It is important to look after the performance level of the employee. The employee may be underprivileged but he or she do not lacks skills which is required for organizational performance. According to sociologist, Max Weber, the conceptualized inequality along three related tracks are party, class and status. Each was understood as a basis for influence and power. The socio-economic status is among the most protruding concepts in inequality. A socio-economic difference leads to religious riots which is harmful for the organization. References Finding successful communication strategies. (2008).BDJ, 205(10), pp.576-576. Hays, D. (2010). Introduction to Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation.Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 1(1), pp.1-7. SEGERSTEDT, T. (2008). Some assumptions in attitude research.Theoria, 17(1-3), pp.226-239. Thompson, C. (2009). Descriptive Data Analysis.Air Medical Journal, 28(2), pp.56-59. Yao, W. (2013). Method of Data Collection in Requirement Analysis Phase Based on ERP.AMM, 416-417, pp.1495-1501. Alegbeleye, G. (2014). Ethno-Religious Crisis and Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria : Issues , Challenges and the Way Forward.Journal of Policy and Development Studies, 9(1), pp.139-148. Benady, D. (2009). Trouble in the air for Virgin (airlines).Strategic Direction, 25(3). Carayannis, E. and Korres, G. (2013).European socio-economic integration. New York: Springer. Etzioni, A. (2003). Toward a new socio-economic paradigm.Socio-Economic Review, 1(1), pp.105-118. Jha, B. (2013). Entrepreneurship: Solution for Socio-Economic Development.IIE, 1(2), pp.139-144. Maloutas, T. (2007). Socio-Economic Classification Models and Contextual Difference: The European Socio-economic Classes (ESeC) from a South European Angle.South European Society and Politics, 12(4), pp.443-460. Manison Shore, L. (2014). Talking in class: a study of socio-economic difference in the primary school classroom.Literacy, 49(2), pp.98-104.

All My Sons †The Story of Joe Keller

All My Sons – The Story of Joe Keller Free Online Research Papers Parenting is a very difficult job; there are no exact guidelines on how to parent. Sometimes parents just don’t know where to draw the line, and that’s exactly what happened with Joe Keller in the novel All My Sons. During WWII, Joe Keller was in charge of a plant where they made special parts to machines like planes. In order to make more money he had put on default parts which caused the deaths of 21 pilots. Instead of taking the blame he blamed it on his partner in the business and he ended up in jail. â€Å"When you get older, you like to feel you accomplished something. My only accomplishment is my son.† This is a quote from Joe, it shows that he was into his family and wanted the best for them no matter what it took. Joe uses the excuse of doing it all for his son so that he could have a better life but a little extra money won’t make things that much better. It seems that Joe is just trying to live his life through his son. But selling default parts seemed to make them grow farther apart and was not a very efficient way of parenting. Joe is really considered a â€Å"Beast† because he killed people for money to better his sons’ life there are many other ways of doing that instead of killing innocent men fighting for our country. Joe is really thinking all about himself when he should think about all the other fathers whose sons died in the accident. There is no excuse for what he did and his biggest punishment is to live with the lie his whole life. Joe refused to accept responsibility, so he blamed it on his partner Steve Deever. â€Å"I was the beast, the guy that made 21 planes go down. Everyone thought I was guilty but I had a court paper that said I wasn’t.† Chris (Joe’s son) can’t be blamed for being mad at Joe, any human being would be, and Joe committed murder. Joe didn’t know when to stop when it came to making more money, he was greedy but had a good reason to be and that reason was that he had a family to support. Joe was a role model to his son and wanted his son to respect him but in the end it made his son detest him. Research Papers on "All My Sons" - The Story of Joe KellerThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWBringing Democracy to AfricaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

The Concept of Strategic Planning and Its Relevance

The Concept of Strategic Planning and Its Relevance Abstract The purpose of this essay is to analyse the concept of strategic planning and its relevance to the activities of an organization. Strategic planning has been viewed as an important cornerstone in the decision making activities of an organization. It enables an organization to achieve its goals and objectives through the development of plans. These plans can either be long term, medium or short term depending on the type of business and the context that strategic planning will be used in.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Strategic Planning and Its Relevance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Strategic practitioners recognised the importance of strategies in the processes and operations of an organization which saw a lot of emphasis being placed on strategy which later saw the development of strategic planning as an organizational concept. Strategic planning slowly replaced corporate p lanning which mostly involved developing formal plans that lacked any strategic focus. This change was largely due to the emphasis placed on the planning activities of an organization. The relationships that were meant to result from this change sometimes could not be achieved. Researchers found that only few organizations were able to succeed in achieving their goals and objectives through the use of strategies. Practitioners of strategic planning have founded their research efforts on the assumption that the creative task of formulating and implementing strategies can be designed into a series of actions referred to as planning that will lead to results that can be repeated in the future. Definition of Strategic Planning Strategic planning is a technique that is used to organize the present activities of an organization to reflect the desired future projections of what the organization wants to achieve over a certain period of time. A strategic plan is a map or guide that will be used to lead the organization from where it is now to where it would like to be. Strategic planning mostly focuses on the external environment of an organization. Since every organization has different activities and operations that set it apart from other companies, the strategic plans of every organization will therefore be different from that of the other organization; therefore Strategic planning systems will be designed to deal with the unique characteristics of organizations (Samson and Daft 2009). Strategic planning is derived from strategy which is the layout of a plan or set of actions that will be used by the organization to achieve their objectives. Strategic planning is the systematic and formalised effort made by an organization to develop detailed plans that would be used to implement the objectives, goals, strategies, and policies of an organization (Wittman and Reuter, 2008). Planning deals with looking at the future results of current decisions that are made by deci sion makers. This means that strategic planning provides managers and people in positions of decision making with the cause and effect of consequences that would occur over time if that particular decision was made. If the decision maker does not like the results of the decision, he can easily change it to one that would yield positive results. Strategic planning looks at the alternative courses of action that are available in the future and what options are chosen from these alternatives, they are used as a basis for making present day decisionsAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Grunic and Kuhn (2008) viewed strategic planning as a process that began with the identification of objectives and goals which later led to the development of organizational strategies, plans and policies that would be used to achieve these goals. Strategic planning was seen to be a process of making decisions in advance that would determine what kind of planning activities would be undertaken and how these activities would be done. The process was also systematic as the various activities were organized in a sequence. Strategic planning process was geared towards companies that had their operations and activities in one particular industry within the market. The basic format of a strategic planning process that is used by most organizations is to first develop the company’s mission, objectives and goals as a first step. Once this is done the organization’s internal and external environment is assessed to determine the strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats. The next step will involve selecting strategies that will be used to deal with the identified strengths and weaknesses as well as the opportunities and threats. The organization should ensure that the identified strategies are in line with its mission ad goals. After the app ropriate strategies are identified and developed, they are finally implemented. Hills and Jones (2009) note that organizations go through a new process of strategic planning every year as a result of changing business environments and the global economy. This however does not mean that new strategies have to be identified and implemented every year. What usually happens in most organizations is that the strategies are modified or reaffirmed since the strategic plan is usually designed for a period of more than five years. Strategic Planning for Small businesses and Improved Performance Given all the evidence on the benefits of strategic planning, most small businesses still do not practice planning. Most of the concepts and research on strategic planning have been geared towards helping larger organizations. Managers of small businesses mostly focus on the short term rather than on the long term strategies. Their decision making technique is characterised to be reactive instead of p roactive and deliberate. For those managers who do practice strategic planning, the process is mostly characterised by ad hoc instead of formal activities (Wang et al. 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Strategic Planning and Its Relevance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to May (2010), small business owners today are realising more than ever that they need strategic planning to make decisions. This has emerged out of their uneasiness about what the future holds for their businesses or the fact that they have attained the present level of small business success without any strategic planning and they don’t feel like proceeding with ventures that they are unsure will yield any profits. Such uncertainties lead them to secure stable and predictable styles of management that mostly involve strategic planning. The main difference of strategic planning for both the large and small busin esses is that the larger organization can financially afford to conduct extensive strategic planning activities which at times might be very expensive while the small business has a limited amount of financial resources. The strategic activities of the smaller organization might be limited or constrained due to finances; the smaller business will also mostly rely on its internal resources do the planning (May, 2010). Wang et al (2006) conducted investigations on why some small businesses failed in their activities and operations. They noted that the major reason was attributed to the lack of strategic planning and poor business motivation. Previous studies by scholars such as Mintzberg, Crawford and Lefebvre also suggested that formal strategic planning systems in small organizations were absent. The authors noted that small business strategic planning was mostly characterized by informal planning systems that were unstructured and sporadic. Other characteristics were that the proce ss was viewed to be incomprehensive, incremental and reactive. Wang et al (2006) note that the motivation for a small business owner to be in business was mostly interwoven with their personal lives. Most small businesses are family owned which shows that the personal motivation in starting the business lies in trying to provide a better life for the business owners and their families. Some of these owner usually lack a business background or the technical known how of running the business. This means that they lack basic strategic planning information. Such a situation enables the businesses owners and entrepreneurs to get away with developing short term strategic plans for their businesses .Because of the size of the firm and constant uncertainty in the global business environment, small business have a limited ability to control events. That is why their focus is on short term and medium planning instead of long term. The strategic model should be designed in a simple and inexpen sive way Pitfalls of Strategic Planning The main problems experienced by small businesses when trying to initiate the planning process have been identified as the lack of time and lack of proper strategic planning knowledge. But when managers discover ways to overcome these constraints, strategic planning can lead to the improved performance of the business.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Small business managers need to gain an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of small businesses which will set a strong foundation for strategic planning activities. The size and simple structure of small firms allows them to increase their responsiveness to external changes. In discussing the failure of the concept, various studies have been referred to further explain why strategic planning sometimes fails in organizations. One pitfall is that no one study has been found that has assessed the outcomes of deviating from the long range plans. All studies that have been conducted on the subject do not show whether there has been any negative consequences of not following the long range strategic plan. Another pitfall came from an earlier study that highlighted that while particular companies engaged in systematically planned activities, other organizations that did not engage in strategic planning were able to surpass these companies performance wise; this showed that t he best planners did not always perform the best (Dimitrou and Thompson, 2007). Studies done in the 1970s by scholars such as Malik and Karger found favourable results when strategic planning was used while other studies such as those done by Sheehan, Grinyer and Norburn did not see any benefits of practicing strategic planning. Henry Mintzberg after a review of these studies came up with a conclusion that planning was not the only best way. He noted that in some circumstances it did not pay and that when planning was at its best, it might have had some suitability to particular and not all organizational contexts. Another pitfall of strategic planning is that most companies find the solutions derived from the formal process of strategic planning to not be what they had actually expected. They usually had a basic idea of the kind of results to expect once the process was done. Strategic planning makes a majority of the firms today to engage in less risky forms of long range planning in their decision making activities which often at times do not yield the best results. Major criticisms have been drawn to the fact that strategic planning does not in any way contribute to the strategic thinking of major decision makers in organizations. Many of the benefits that accrue from strategic planning cannot be measured and it is difficult to prove the planning process in absolute terms. This is due to the fact when the planning process is initiated; it becomes hard to compare what has happened with what could have happened. This leads to a lot of speculations and formation of assumptions that are in most cases usually wrong. There is also another pitfall in the form of identifying the amount of costs that have been used in the planning process (Hill and Jones, 2009). These costs can only be seen if additional profit made by the organization exceeds the additional costs used in planning. Logical expectations of most organizations are that strategic planning will lead the company to be successful in the future; this is a big misconception. Most managers view strategic plans to be the key that will lead the organization to market success which explains why they become devastated when the strategic plans fail (Hill and Jones, 2009). Conclusion Planning activities are important to an organization to ensure that everything moves in a systematic and orderly manner. Without planning the members of an organization would lack a guide or plan that would direct them to achieve the organizational mission, vision, goals and objectives. Planning is therefore to be the most important activity that an organization should undertake to ensure that it runs smoothly and effectively. Strategic planning should also be given the same level of importance as general organizational planning. While strategic planning for organizations has been going on for a very long time, the smaller businesses are yet to catch on, yet planning is very important for an organization to achi eve optimum success through the proper utilization of resources. Strategic planning might have some pitfalls but when used in the proper way and in the right organizational context, it can improve the performance of both large and small businesses. Managers should therefore exercise this concept to ensure the decisions they make now will reflect what the organization wants to achieve in the future. References Dimitrou, H.T., and Thompson, R. (2007) Strategic planning for regional development in  the UK. Oxford, UK: Routledge Grunic, R. and Kuhn, R. (2008) Process based strategic planning. 5th Edition. Berlin: Springer- Verlag Hill, C., and Jones, G. (2009) Strategic management theory: an integrated approach.  Ohio, US: South Western Cengage Learning May, M.G. (2010) Strategic planning. New York: Business Expert Press Samson, D., and Daft, R.L. (2009) Management Third Asia Pacific Edition. Australia: Cengage Learning Wang, C., Walker, E.A., and Redmond, J. (2006) Ownership motiva tion and strategic planning in small businesses. Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and  Sustainability. Vol II, No.4 Wittman, R. and Reuter, M.P. (2008) Strategic planning: how to deliver maximum value  through effective business. London: Kogan Page

What is the impact of empowerment on the factors of organizational Essay

What is the impact of empowerment on the factors of organizational behavior in five star hotels in the USA - Essay Example Empowerment has become a global trend and only those hotels which properly empower their employees will succeed. Research carried out by, Wagner Iii, John A. (1994) found the following as impacts of empowerment: †¢Meaning †¢Results †¢Challenge and an opportunity to learn †¢Respect and recognition †¢Freedom at work †¢Affiliation. According to Betttencons, Lance E. A and Steven W.Brown (1978), empowerment in USA hotels has been implemented to some degree of success in some states. In a subsequent study on New York hotels, Fasa (1995) critically analyzed how empowerment can drive businesses to excel. In his findings he came up with three important levels of empowerment in organizations: employee-employer relations, employee – customer relations as well as the employee-job. Empowerment and Organization behavior. In a study conducted on empowerment in Canada, Whitener, Ellen M. (2000. p 234) observed that: â€Å"Workers are empowered through giving them authority and responsibility to make decisions affecting their work with a minimum of interference and second guessing by managers.† Role of employee empowerment Hotels depend on employee interactions with customers to earn business. Whether a hotel is going to continue attracting customers or not depends very much on how its employees interact with customers. Therefore, customer perception on an organization is very much dependent on behavior of the workers .It can therefore be argued that, the behavior of employees working in hotels must constantly be assessed and modeled to ensure that it reflect the hotels standard and mission.

Comparison & Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comparison & Contrast - Essay Example The Play Intense cologne, on the other hand, is created using fragrances from patchouli, mandarin, bergamot, vetyver, coffee flower, Tonka bean, Caribbean Amyris wood, and pink pepper. This creates a strong, dynamic, and a little offbeat essence that can be worn to momentous events. Both of these brands of cologne contain mandarin orange and bergamot, which gives them a citrus scent. However, Play Intense has a milder citrus scent as compared to Play. The stronger citrus scent in the latter may be attributed to the added presence of grapefruit and bitter orange aside from the mandarin orange contained within it. The smell of Amyris wood is much stronger in Play Intense that in Play. Moreover, the Tonka bean, which is not a fragrance present in Play, can be noticed in Play Intense. Both of these brands of cologne contain vetyver and patchouli, which gives them a woody, earthy, and herbal scent. The patchouli also contributes an exotic and musky scent for both Play and Play Intense. The Play brand has an aroma of black pepper while Play Intense has the pink pepper aroma. In Play intense, the pink pepper provides a mild, pleasantly, sweet fruity, scent with a bit of spicy whiff in it. One would say that Play Intense strengthens the woodsy side of the cologne while toning down the citrus essence. Play, on the other hand, tones down the woodsy side and instead intensifies the citrus aroma. Play Intense is categorized as oriental-spicy while Play is categorized as citrus-fruity. These two colognes are similar in scent strength because both of them are considered to have a moderate fragrance. The target market of Play is college students or those males who are between the ages of 17 and 30. In contrast, Play Intense is targeted towards those males who are more mature, their age ranging from 30 onwards. Therefore, it can be

Population Pressure And Living Environment Within Slums Sociology Essay

Population Pressure And Living Environment Within Slums Sociology Essay In this context the present paper tries to analyse the variation in composition and distribution of slum population as well as the population pressure and living environment therein. Utilising data from census of India and NSSO 49th, 58th and 65th rounds, the variations in composition and distribution of slum population along with the living environment therein has been analysed. The study shows that the increase in number of urban poor has led to increase in number of slums and this has very adversely affected the living conditions in slums and has resulted in the further deterioration of many essential facilities. In major developed states there has been further deterioration of living conditions in the slums and the most basic necessities have become scarcer. At the district level, higher concentration of slums can be found in northern, north-eastern and western states while dispersed slums can be seen in central and southern states. The problem of slums has turned to be more gig antic than earlier and thus requires immediate actions for checking the further growth of slums and improvement in the living conditions as well. Keywords Slums, population composition, infrastructure, Spatio-temporal pattern. Introduction The mountain of trash seemed to stretch very far, then gradually without perceptible demarcation of boundary it became something else. But what? A jumbled and pathless collection of structures, cardboard cartoons, plywood and rotting bottles, the rusting and glassless shells of cars, had been thrown together to form habitation. Michael Thelwell (Adapted from Mike Davis, 2004) The earth has urbanized even faster than originally predicted by the club of Rome in its popular report limits to growth and this has resulted in the rise of gigantic hyper cities. The megacities have come up as the brightest stars in the urban firmament, but at the same time three quarters of the burden of population growth is borne by faintly visible second tier-cities and smaller urban areas where there is little or no planning to accommodate these people or provide them with services. Urbanization, thus, must be conceptualized as structural transformation along, and intensified interaction between every point of an urban-rural continuum. But the price of new urban order has been increasing inequality within and between cities of different sizes of specializations. Urbanization at many places has been radically decoupled from industrialization, even from development per se. More sinister has been the urbanization-without-growth. The urban population growth in spite of stagnant or negative urban economic growth is the extreme face of what researchers have labelled as over-urbanization. It is just one of the several unexpected tracks down which a neo-liberal world order has shunted millennial urbanization. In spite of the drastically weakened pull of the city by debt and depression, the rapid urban growth in the context of structural adjustment has been an inevitable recipe for the mass production of slums (Davis, 2004). The UN-Habitat report in 2003, titled The Challenge of the Slums stands out to be the first truly global audit of urban poverty. It has established that the primary direction of both national and international interventions during the last twenty years has actually increased urban poverty and slums, increased exclusion and inequality and weakened urban elites in their efforts to use cities as engines of growth. But all other things remaining aside, slums remain an invaluable expose that amplifies urgent research findings with the institutional authority of the United Nations. If the reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change represent an unprecedented scientific consensus on the dangers of global warming, then slums sounds an equally authoritative warning about the global catastrophe of the urban poverty. In fact slums are basically the urbanization of poverty. When human beings were able to produce more than they consumed and had found ways of storing the surplus to provide for a large number of people, living away from the field, they settled on such areas which provided good environment, climate and soil favourable to plant and animal life, an adequate water supply, ready materials for providing shelter and easy access to other peoples. Concentration of population grew at the intersections of trade routes, at harbours and at the mouths of rivers with easy access to the sea. Athens, Rome was located near the sea. Mecca, Damascus and Samarkand were island cities located on caravan routes. In India all big cities were located near the banks of rivers, ports, etc. Varanasi is one of the ancient and famous cities located on the bank of river Ganges. The officials and priests lived in the main hub whereas lower classes craft persons, artisans and labourers lived around the city republics. Gradually people from fields and small settlements sta rted moving to city republics because of lack of farm work all time of the year and safety in cities. These city republics became powerful and tapped the surpluses and other resources. In 1800 only 2% of world population lived in towns of more than 5000 inhabitants. No more than 45 cities had population over 100,000. The 19th and 20th Century saw enormous growth of urban population. In fact the 20th century was a time of great change, and the greatest of those changes was in the numbers of people on the globe and where they lived. Since 1950, mankind has endured its most rapid expansion, from 2.5 billion to 6 billion people. As a result of this rapid increase of population, the cities were not able to sustain the pressure of increased population and could not provide good environment and basic services to new entrants as they were unable to afford reasonable shelter within their means. They were therefore forced to live in slums. Sixty per cent of this gain has been in urban areas, particularly in the urban areas of the developing world, where the urban population has increased more than six fold in only 50 years. Humanity is only about half way through this great transformation to urban living. During the next 30 years, the global urban population will increase by more than 2 billion while rural populations will be almost static. The greatest impact will be felt in the developing world and nowhere more so than throughout South and South-eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. During the next 15 years, many large cities in Asia and Africa will nearly double their population. The huge increase in urban populations amounts to a crisis of unprecedented magnitude in urban shelter provision. Every year, the worlds urban population is increasing by about 70 million, equivalent to seven new megacities. These people all need to be provided with shelter, with employment and with urban services. The stretched capacity of most urban economies in developing countries is unable to meet more than a fraction of these needs, so that the informal sector is providing most of the new employment and housing in environments that have come to be known as informal settlements or slums, where more than half of the population in many cities and towns of developing countries are currently living and working. The evolution of the new urban poverty has been a non- linear historical process. The slow accretion of shanty towns to the shell of the city is punctuated by storms of poverty and sudden explosions of slum building. In this context the present paper tries to analyse the variation in composition and distribution of slum population as well as the population pressure and living environment therein. Utilising data from census of India and NSSO 49th, 58th and 65th rounds, the variations in composition and distribution of slum population along with the living environment therein has been analysed. Apart from this some secondary data published in different books and articles have also formed a part of the analysis. Under the methodological section, firstly on the basis of the literature review, two objectives have been determined for this paper. For the fulfillment of these objectives statistical tools have been widely used to analyse the raw data. Graphical presentation and cartographical tools (maps and diagrams) too have been utilized to extend the level of analysis and explanation. Needs and Approaches to the Study of Slums Slums are consolidated and compact physical, social, cultural and economic units with distinct neighbourhood system within the greater environment of cities. These are patronised by the local political organizations which strengthen their existence on those very locations. The growth and development of slums have never become phenomena of few days or months; a sufficient number of years have been passed to reach the full growth and vigour when it has come to the notice of urban planners, administrators and municipal authorities that slums have become problems and threats to health city life. The growth of slums is a manifestation of urban poverty as the majority of urban poor lives in slums. On one hand the government documents tries to establish a fall in the levels of poverty but on the other hand the consistent rise in slums population and deteriorating living conditions depicts some different story. The provision of lifeline infrastructure lags far behind the pace of urbanization and peri-urban slum areas often have no formal utilities or sanitation provision whatsoever. The urban poor are forced to settle on hazardous and otherwise unbuildable terrains over-steep hill slopes, river banks and flood plains. Likewise they squat in the deadly shadows of refineries, chemical factories, and toxic dumps or in the margins of railroads and highways. Poverty has created an urban disaster problem of unprecedented frequency and scope. The interest and need for the study of slums has stemmed from two basic causes a) An urge to bring about social reform and b) An effort to reach an understanding of the process of urbanization. The studies which have an element of reform interest are preoccupied with poverty and related problems and focus extensively on the working class standards of living. However they have little to speak upon the social life of the slum dwellers. On the other side of the coin lie the urbanization studies that provide a closer approach to the analysis of social behaviour in this area (Whyte, 1943). However off the two reasons the latter claims more attention and validity than the former. Even the global report on slums published by the United Nations Habitat more or less recognises slums as the face of urban poverty in the new millennium. The Slums of the World Report has appeared at a time of growing awareness of the red flags raised by the urbanization process, particularly because of an increasing number and proportion of city residents who live in poverty in precarious settlements in the core historic part of cities and in the peri-urban areas. For the first time in history, rapid population growth and its concentration in cities around the world constitute a crucial element affecting the long-term outlook for humanity. Despite standing out as centres of civilization and economic activity for eight millennia, cities never attracted more than ten per cent of the global population until the second half of the 19th century. Now, systems of cities have become the worlds social , economic, cultural and political matrix. One-third of the worlds urban population lives in slums, and four out of ten inhabitants in the developing world are informal settlers. The report accepts that the number of issues relevant to urban poverty and slums is practically infinite and it requires an in-depth analysis and comprehensive effort to deal with the worsening situations. Understanding the notion of slums The first step in solving a problem is to define it correctly. Therefore a clear understanding of the notion of slums is indispensible. Since its first appearance in Veuxs Flash Dictionary during the 1820s as part of the London cant, the term slum was used to identify the poorest quality housing and the most unsanitary conditions; a refuge for marginal activities including crime, vice and drug abuse; and a likely source for many epidemics that ravaged urban areas a place apart from all that was decent and wholesome. The word slum was derived from slumber which means a sleepy unknown back alley. Slum meant `wet mire where working class housing was built during British Industrial revolution in order to be near the factories. These were uncontrolled settlements and lacked basic services and only poor people lived there. During the major part of the 19th century, the word appeared in the written language in quotation marks mostly as back-slum(s). At the end of the 19th century, slum mea nt a street, alley, court, situated in a crowded district of a town or city and inhabited by people of a low class or by the very poor; a number of these streets or courts forming a thickly populated neighbourhood or district where the houses and the conditions of life are of a squalid and wretched character (oxford dictionary)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. a foul back street of a city, especially one filled with a poor, dirty, degraded and often vicious population; any low neighbourhood or dark retreat usually in the plural, as Westminster slums are haunts for thieves (The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements, 2003) The housing reform movement in England during the 1880s changed a popular word that once described an awkward phenomenon to a general operational concept as a house materially unfit for human habitation, and made possible the delimitation of slum areas on city maps for planning purposes. It became a common word in the Anglophone world, used, for example, in India in order to designate without distinction the bustees, chawls or cheris of Mumbai, Delhi or Chennai. The 20th century made the word obsolete in contexts requiring more precise and rigorous terms, such as tenement house, tenement district and deteriorated neighbourhood, because of legislation from the 1890s and 1930s authorizing the eradication of the so-called slums, and imposing technical and legal definitions and standards for such actions. At the same time, the social movement generated new words, such as neighbourhoods or communities, to qualify the designated slums in order to rename the socially stigmatized slum areas. As with most euphemisms, alternative terms were eventually subsumed into the argot and served to maintain rather than counteract the negative prejudices against slum dwellers. The polite neighbourhood has become shortened to hood, a badge of youthful attitude in Los Angeles. Today, the catch-all term slum is loose and deprecatory. It has many connotations and meanings and is banned from many of the more sensitive, politically correct and academically rigorous lexicons. It can also vary considerably in what it describes in different parts of the world, or even in different parts of the same city. In developing countries, the term slum, if it is used, mostly lacks the pejorative and divisive original connotation, and simply refers to lower-quality or informal housing. Large, visible tracts of squatter or informal housing have become intimately connected with perceptions of poverty, lack of access to basic services and insecurity. Terms such as slum, shanty, squatter settlement, informal housing and low-income community are used somewhat interchangeably by agencies and authorities. The coverage of settlement types is even more complex when one considers the variety of equivalent words in other languages and geographical regions. Slums are today known by dif ferent names throughout the world: Barrio or tugurio (Latin America), Basti (Bangladesh), Bidonville (France/Africa), Favela (Brazil), Ghetto, Kampung (Indonesia), Katchi abadi (Pakistan), Masseque (Angola), Shantytown, Skid row, Squatter cities . However at this point a note on the current distinction between slums and shanties is essential. While slums describe old residential buildings which have deteriorated and lack essential services (but in most cases do not lack security in terms of tenure), shanties refer to spontaneous settlements which have developed in outskirts and unbuilt areas of the city. At the FirstWorld Urban Forum, a position paper elaborated by UN-HABITAT on Cities Without Slums used the term slum to describe, a wide range of low-income settlements and/or poor human living conditions and note that these inadequate housing conditions exemplify the variety of manifestations of poverty as defined in the Programme of Action adopted at the World Summit for Social Development. The term slum includes the traditional meaning that is, housing areas that were once respectable or even desirable, but which have since deteriorated, as the original dwellers have moved to new and better areas of cities. The condition of the old houses has then declined, and the units have been progressively subdivided and rented out to lower-income groups. A typical example is the innercity slums of many historical towns and cities in both the industrial and the developing countries. The term slum has, however, come to include also the vast informal settlements that are quickly becoming the most visual expression of urban poverty. The quality of dwellings in such settlements varies from the simplest shack to permanent st ructures, while access to water, electricity, sanitation and other basic services and infrastructure tends to be limited. Such settlements are referred to by a wide range of names and include a variety of tenurial arrangements. Slums: a point of discord The entire scholar community has failed to converge on a single definition of slum. As a result the buzzword has been defined differently for different regions and contexts. The difference in the definitions is primarily the result of discrepancies in the parameters adopted for the purposed of identifying the slums. Even amidst the web of definitions, the basic features rather the elements of the slums remain similar. Slum, at its simplest, is a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. This definition encapsulates the essential characteristics of slums: high densities and low standards of housing (structure and services), and squalor. The first two criteria are physical and spatial, while the third is social and behavioural. This spread of associations is typical, not just for the definition of slums but also of our perceptions of them. Dwellings in such settlements vary from simple shacks to more permanent structures, and access to basic service s and infrastructure tends to be limited or badly deteriorated. Slums and urban poverty are not just a manifestation of a population explosion and demographic change, or even of the vast impersonal forces of globalization. Slums must be seen as the result of a failure of housing policies, laws and delivery systems, as well as of national and urban policies. The definition of the term slum includes the traditional meaning that is, housing areas that were once respectable or even desirable, but which have since deteriorated as the original dwellers have moved to new and better areas of the cities. The condition of the old houses has then declined, and the units have been progressively subdivided and rented out to lower-income groups. Typical examples are the inner-city slums of many towns and cities in both the developed and the developing regions. Slums have, however, also come to include the vast informal settlements that are quickly becoming the most visible expression of urban poverty in developing regions cities, including squatter settlement s and illegal subdivisions. The quality of dwellings in such settlements varies from the simplest shack to permanent structures, while access to water, electricity, sanitation and other basic services and infrastructure is usually limited. Such settlements are referred to by a wide range of names and include a variety of tenure arrangements. The problem with measuring slums starts with the lack of an agreed definition. As a result, enumeration of slums has not yet been incorporated within mainstream monitoring instruments, such as national population censuses, demographic and health surveys, and global surveys. Some surveys provide proxies or related variables, such as proportion of unauthorized housing or proportion of squatters. Participatory poverty assessments in many least developed countries (LDCs) generally provide only qualitative information on urban poverty. The generic definition suggests that a slum is a contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterized as having inadequate housing and basic services. A slum is often not recognized and addressed by the public authorities as an integral or equal part of the city. According to another definition given by the Cities Alliance Action Plan: Slums are neglected parts of cities where housing and living conditions are appallingly poor. Slums range from high-density, squalid central city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities. Slums have various names, favelas, kampungs, bidonvilles, tugurios, yet share the same miserable living conditions. The Encyclopaedia Britannica on the other hand defines slums as: residential areas that are physically and socially deteriorated and in which satisfactory family life is impossible. Bad housing is a major index of slum conditions. By bad housing is meant dwellings that have inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facilities; that are in bad repair, dump and improperly heated; that do not afford opportunity for family privacy; that are subject to fire hazard and that overcrowd the land, leaving no space for recreational use. In India also there is no agreed upon definition of slums and there is no unanimity in the identification criteria used at the various level of governance as well as research. In the year 1993 attempts were made to define the slums on the basis of housing conditions and availability of facilities. However the most accepted definition of slums in the country has been given by the Registrar General of India for the purpose of Census of India. It defines the slums as: All specified areas in a town or city notified as Slum by State/Local Government and UT Administration under any Act including a Slum Act. All areas recognized as Slum by State/Local Government and UT Administration. Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act. A compact area of at least 300 populations or above 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. The level of disagreement upon this matter has gone beyond the national level and in an entirely surprising scenario the different states too have set up different landmarks for the identification of slums for their respective territories. The definition of slum area adopted by the Stare Governments is based on slum Acts of the respective States i.e. based on legal stipulations unlike the definitions adopted by RGI and NSSO. The concept, Perception and definition of slums vary across the states, depending on their socio-economic conditions bur their physical characteristics are almost similar. There are discrepancies between the Parameters adopted by State Governments, RGI and NSSO. Thus there exits divergent opinions at the different levels in the country as to what constitutes the key determinants of slums. In fact Slums are too complex to define according to one single parameter. They are a relative concept and what is considered as a slum in one city will be regarded as adequate in another city. Local variations among slums are too wide to define universally applicable criteria and this has been the prominent cause for existence of different definitions of slums. Slums change too fast to render any criterion valid for a reasonably long period of time. The spatial nature of slums means that the size of particular slum areas is vulnerable to changes in jurisdiction or spatial aggregation posing further difficulties in providing any stable definitional criteria for them. Thus what is agreed is that slums, like poverty and secures tenure, is multidimensional in nature. Some of the characteristics of slums, such as access to physical services or density, can be clearly defined, and others, such as social capital, cannot. Even with well-defined indicators, measurement can be very problematic, and acceptable benchmarks are not easy to establish. Even though the identification and differentiation of slums is a difficult nut to crack, Slums has been divided into two broad classes (Davis, 2004): 1. Slums of hope: These are progressing settlements, which are characterized by new, normally self built structures, usually illegal (e.g. squatters) that are in, or have recently been through, a process of development, consolidation and improvement; and 2. Slums of despair: These are declining neighbourhoods, in which environmental conditions and domestic services are undergoing a process of degeneration. Slums of hope may all too easily yield to despair. Thus a review of the definitions used by national and local governments, statistical offices, institutions involved in slum issues and public perceptions reveals the following attributes of slums in the country: lack of basic services, substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures, overcrowding and high density, unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations, insecure tenure; irregular or informal settlements, poverty and social exclusion, and minimum settlement size. Distribution and compositions of slums in India: The Variations The most important characteristics of a population in addition to its size and the rate at which it is expanding or contracting are the ways in which its members are distributed according to age, sex, ethnic or racial category, and residential status. The analysis of distributional and compositional characteristics of slums is requisite for the effective management of problems related with them. In fact the lack of information regarding the dynamism of extent of distribution of the urban poor is one of the main factors which prohibit the extension of vital facilities to them. The figures available till date shows a highest concentration of slum population in two southern states of India Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh respectively. But the district level analysis shows a clearer picture of the concentration of slum population and its alignment with the urban centres. One of the peculiar aspects which emerges out of the distribution of slums is that in states of north, east and north east India, the slums are concentrated in few districts such as in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa etc. while in states of western and Southern India, the slum population is spread in almost all the districts which is an indicator of the level and process of urbanization in the different states. The sex ratio among the slum populations shows very interesting trends. The major proportion of urban poor is considered to be composed of the male population that migrates from rural areas to cities primarily for work. But contrary to this, both the state and district level analysis shows high sex ratio for the four major states of South India Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. More surprisingly the distribution of child population in slums shows just the opposite scenario. In this case, parts of central India, Rajasthan, U.P and Bihar are the leading areas both at state and district level. In Southern India, the population in the 0-6 age group is relatively less which indicates towards the changing population dynamics of the slums. The distribution of scheduled caste population shows some other drastic changes with respect to the slum population. In the hierarchy of status in Indian society the scheduled castes have been regarded at the bottom line and thus are associated with the relatively unclean jobs. The analysis here shows some surprising trends where the proportion of scheduled caste population in the total slum dwellers is less and very few districts shows relatively a higher presence of scheduled caste population. In North, West and North East India their presence is further low. Population pressure and living conditions in slums The increasing pace of urbanization and resultant increase in slum population is a matter of deep concern for sustainable living. A continuous rise in the slum population in India and their increasing concentration in fewer cities is posing a threat to urban healthy life and management of city affairs. Any further deterioration in the quality of life in slums directly affects the environment and is dangerous for the ecological sustainability. The assessment of living conditions with respect to population pressure in slums has been one of the most contested issues. Some of the robust indicators of living conditions can be taken as Structure of housing, Electricity Connection, Roads, Water logging conditions, Status of Latrine facility and type of drainage. The household density among slums shows a higher density in parts of Rajasthan and U.P which indicates that even though the slum population is highest in Maharashtra, the congestion is higher in slums of U.P and Rajasthan. The same is true for the slums in Jammu and Kashmir where the slum population is mainly concentrated in two districts. While for the other parts of the country an average density can be seen. There has been a noticeable change in respect to the type of structure of houses in the slums during the period between 2002 and 2008-09. All the three different categories of housing structure i.e. Pucca; Semi-kutcha and kutcha have undergone considerable change over the quin-quinnial period. The most drastic change has been the increase semi-kutcha and kutcha housing structures under both notified and non-notified category of slums. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa, Delhi, Karnataka are the states experiencing major changes under the two above mentioned categories. Also there has been decrease in the percentage of pucca slums under both notified and non-notified category of slums. The downfall under this category has been high mainly for Delhi, U.P, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. All such changes signifies the rapid increase in the population of urban poor as well as the deterioration in the quality of living conditions in the slums. The condition of electricity in slums is also not satisfactory among the slums. U.P, Rajasthan, Bihar, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir are among the major victims where the percentage of slums having no electricity is highest mainly for the non-notified slums. Also there has been a decrease in the number of slums under notified category where electricity is being provided for both households and streets. The condition of street lighting is very poor throughout the slums in the entire northern Indian belt. However none of the slums exists with any electricity under the notified category of slums which is an indication that the major hindrance in the extension of infrastructural facilities to the slums is lack of notification. One of the most drastic deterioration in the electricity facility to the slums have occurred in Karnataka state where almost 100% slums under non-notified category received electricity for both households and streets in 2002; but in 2008-09 this percentage reduced to almost 50%. Another very important infrastruc

What Is Fascism And Why Does It Emerge? :: essays research papers

What is Fascism and Why does it Emerge? The purpose of this essay is to explain what fascism is and why it emerges. Fascism is a political ideology that consists of an all powering totalitarian government, which has total control of the people, the nation and the economy. The fascist economic system creates an upper class for the owning/ruling class and leaves the working class in a lower state who in turn produce for the elite. To justify themselves as beneficial to the oppressed lower class, the fascist installs an extreme sense of Nationalisms and organicism. If these method do not work then force is used. Fascism emerges out of economic crisis, a revolutionary promise and reaction to capitalism. It is often allowed to emerge because it is usually easy to get support from the upper class. The fascist political structure consists of a totalitarian government with an extreme sense of absolutism. Absolutism is the principle of a absolute power in control with power that transcends even the laws itself, under the control of one main dictator who carries traits of of a geniuses or of a hero. This way the masses can be drawn into him through emotion and appeal. With the totalitarian government the fascist has total control of the nation and the people. Along with the fascist total ruling over the people and nation came its total ruling over the economy. Although different fascist have had different economic structures, all regimes more or less, have had the same model. The main defining character of the fascist economy is the principle of goverment-buisness relationship. Like the first fascist regime in Italy, its leader created a system where private ownership was allowed but state intervention was issued on management and labour. He did this by creating grouped established syndicates, such as â€Å"The National Confederation of Commerce† or the â€Å"The National Federation of Credit and Insurgence†. The government then controlled these under managing agencies called â€Å"Corporations† which in turn would regulate issues and guidelines such as supply and demand, labour disputes or what interest the business is to aim at. Although the system is supposed to function as a partnership, the government is always in control and dominate. Although the fascists claim this system is in the interest of the nation, it is only in the interest of more empowerment for the government. Due to this system both the states interest and the interest of the owning class are integrated which creates an elite. Therefore the development and technology only serves the interest of the elite and not the working class which is to be

Position Paper

Security Council Child Soldiers United States King High School Background Thousands of children are serving as soldiers in armed conflicts around the world. Boys and girls serve in government forces and armed opposition groups. They may fight as front-line combatants, suicide bombers, mine sweepers, sex slaves, and spies. Many are abducted or recruited by force, while others join voluntarily, believing that armed groups offer their best chance for survival.We are working to prevent the use of child soldiers and to hold accountable the people who send children to fight. It threatens the core of the United Nations, and the heart of our world's future: Children. The US Child Soldiers Prevention Act prohibits the US government from providing US foreign military financing, military training, and several other categories of US military assistance to governments using child soldiers. Actions National Actions Child soldiers are not an issue in the United States. The U. S. overnment currently provides military assistance to five of the six governments implicated in child soldier usage. From 2001 the USA contributed $34 million to support programs to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers and to demobilize and reintegrate child combatants, including $10 million through the US Agency for International Development and $24 million through the US Department of Labor. In 2008, Senators Richard Durbin and Sam Brownback introduced the Child Soldier Prevention Act, which is a bill to curtail U. S. ilitary assistance to governments that fail to take steps to demobilize and stop recruiting children into the armed forces or government-supported militias. Under this bill, countries that take steps to demobilize child soldiers are eligible for certain forms of assistance to help professionalize their forces and ensure that U. S. taxpayer dollars are not used to finance the exploitation of children in armed conflict. International Actions The United States has done many int ernational actions to prevent encouraging the use of children being used as soldiers.In April 2007 the Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2007 was introduced into Congress. It would restrict US military assistance to governments involved in the recruitment or use of child soldiers. In April 2007 the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law held a hearing to consider the Child Soldier Prevention Act, obstacles facing former child soldiers seeking asylum in the USA, and ways for the USA to address child recruiters from other countries who came to the USA. In October 2007 the Child Soldier Accountability Act was introduced into Congress.It would amend the US criminal code to allow the prosecution of individuals who have recruited or used child soldiers, whether in the United States or elsewhere. â€Å"The Child Soldiers Prevention Act can put real pressure on governments to stop using child soldiers,† Joe Becker said. â€Å"Obama needs to give fewer waivers to cou ntries abusing their children this way. † On October 4, 2011, the Obama administration announced waivers to the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, allowing military assistance to Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Yemen despite the continued use of children in their armed forces.The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a human rights treaty that establishes the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of children. It also defines children as being under the age of 18. The United States is the only country in the world, with the exception of Somalia, that has not ratified it. In 2002, however, the U. S. ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, which prevents the recruitment of military personnel under the age of 18.Much work remains to be done by the U. S. government on the rights of the child, particularly on the protection of children in armed conflicts. There was a resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1999 on November 11 titled â€Å"Resolution on the Use of Children as Soldiers. † Recommendation for Action Citizens for Global Solutions are committed to achieving greater engagement by the U. S. government to take the lead of international endeavors to protect future generations.Also, Child Soldiers International‘s website has a place for donation to end the recruitment of children as child soldiers. There is background information and everything about the issue to educate the donators and viewers viewing the website. The Obama administration decided to exempt Yemen and three other countries that use child soldiers from U. S. penalties under the 2008 Child Soldiers Prevention Act. The Invisible Children was founded to stop Joseph Kony called Kony 2012 and the United States was involved in it too. President Obama issued a bill to help stop Joseph Kony for justice. Position paper The government of Nigeria believes in the protection of the interest of the children. Unfortunately, one can notice the use of child soldiers in Nigeria. Why there is the problem of child soldiers in Nigeria? During the 19th century and 20th century there have been interstate conflicts in the African continent. This led to the use of children as the soldiers in the warfare. There are many reasons for the wars fought between different states of Africa. Two important causes of the wars are poverty and orphan rates. (Reich and Acharina, 2005) In fact, the study of UNICEF data reveals that in Africa there is the maximum use of child soldiers in the wars.It is known that 40 percent of the world child soldiers are found in the African continent. All the countries of the African continent particularly the third world countries are severely affected by the child soldier problem which is found in a poor country like Nigeria. Recently, international community has responded to this emerging pro blem. Great powers such as USA and UK have opposed the use of child soldiers in wars. In fact, international community has been shocked by the extent of the use of children as soldiers which has affected the future of the children of Nigeria.UNO has taken this problem seriously which is proved by the fact that UNO has constituted committees to monitor the extent of the use of the child soldiers in the wars particularly in the African continent. The use of child soldiers can be seen in the African countries such as Nigeria, Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Liberia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.   The Nigerian government is also aware of the fact that there is need to guarantee the rights of the children. However due to economic backwardness, there has been growth in the use of the children as soldiers. Obviously, this led to loss of life of many children. However, it is found that due to food shortage and lack of productive resources, the parents are forced to send their childr en to help the military of their nation. Hence, poverty of the third world nations is the main cause of the participation of children in wars.(Reich and Acharina, 2005)UNO and the various agencies of UNO such as UNICEF have taken this problem of child soldiers seriously. UNO was initially involved in this problem in an attempt to resolve the interstate conflicts in Africa. However, later it was known to the UNO members regarding the impact of the use of children on the children of Africa and the international community. In order to counter this problem, UNO has expressed its displeasure through the various conferences and by publishing reports concerning the efforts of the individual nations to curb the root cause of the children’s participation in the wars.In 1999, the coalition forces decided to publish a worldwide report regarding the plight of the children as soldiers.   In fact, UNO has urged all the member nations to protect the rights of the children. Recently, Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General has urged the Security Council to impose sanctions on the nations indulging in the use of child soldiers in the wars leading to the violation of the international law. The coalition forces have decided to prohibit the use of children as soldiers. The UNO noted that more than 250000 children are used as soldiers. The suggested sanctions include ban on the sale of armaments, sanctions on financial assistance, and so on.The UNO has also urged the NGOs participating in this anti-child soldier policy to implement the policy decisions on the UNO which has been discussed in the various conferences and UNO publications. The UNO committees on the children issues have submitted their reports regarding the position of the children in the underdeveloped countries. The imposition of sanctions is expected to curb the number of the child soldiers in the countries such as Nigeria. However, the UN report noted that there has been decline in the number of child soldier s worldwide. The UNO also decided to give financial and other kinds of support to the poor countries to help curb poverty so that there would be decrease in the number of children used in the warfare. The UN Under-Secretary Olara Otunnu also believed that children should be protected from military conscription. (Africa Renewal, 2005) In fact, the UNO members have urged the different nations to increase the minimum recruitment age to 18 years. (Maslen, 2002)The UNO suggestions regarding the protection of the children’s rights have been implemented by most of the African countries including Nigeria. In fact, legislations have been passed by Nigeria to curb the incidence of the use of the child soldiers in the wars. Although, till 2002 Nigeria did not sign ‘the African charter on the rights and welfare of child’, the government has supported the voluntary recruitment of the soldiers as there is no conscription in Nigeria. Minimum age for the recruitment of the volun tary soldiers is 18 years. The Nigerian youth have participated in the ethnic conflict in the region. This conflict involves the various political and economic issues. However, Nigeria has participated in the several conferences organized by the UNO to oppose the violation of the children’s rights.For instance, in the year 1999, the African countries including Nigeria attended the African Conference on the Use of Children as Soldiers. In the conference the various facts concerning the child soldiers was discussed. In 2001 Nigeria attended the United Nations conference on the illicit trade which also discussed the issue of the child soldiers. Nigeria became the party to the resolution of this conference. The members understood the impact of the use of arms on the children and it was resolved to protect the rights of the children. The Nigerian government has realized that the main reason for the use of the child soldiers is the existence of poverty in Nigeria. Due to food short age and productive resources, children have been sent to the battle field.In order to curb the incidence of the use of children as soldiers, the Nigerian government has devised plans to improve the economic conditions of the families. The Nigerian government urges the international communities including UNO to understand the causes of the phenomenon of the child soldiers in Nigeria. Hence, international organizations should provide more economic support to bring the economic advancement of the region which will reduce the incidence of the use of children as soldiers. The government of Nigeria believes that necessary actions should be taken to ensure the protection of the children’s rights.It is understood that involvement of children in wars negatively affects the relation between Nigeria and international community. However, in order to introduce these measures, the international community, through the organizations such as UNICEF, should strengthen the polity and economy of Nigeria. Nevertheless, in the name of the protection of the children’s rights the integrity of the nations should not be threatened. Therefore, this is to request the organizations such as UNO to provide the positive support to Nigeria to prevent the incidence of the use of the child soldiers in the wars. The Nigerian government plans to introduce and implement legislations and programs to reduce the use of children as soldiers in the wars. (Maslen, 2002)BibliographyMaslen, Stuart (2002). â€Å"The Use of Children as Soldiers in Africa A country analysis of child recruitment and participation in armed conflict†, retrieved online on 30-10-2005 from Reich, Simon F (2005). â€Å"Why do Children â€Å"Fight†? Explaining Child Soldier Ratios in African Intra-State Conflicts†, retrieved online on 30-10-2005 from (2005). â€Å"Africa Briefs†, Africa Renewal, 19:1, April, retrieved online on 30-10-2005 from Position Paper Security Council Child Soldiers United States King High School Background Thousands of children are serving as soldiers in armed conflicts around the world. Boys and girls serve in government forces and armed opposition groups. They may fight as front-line combatants, suicide bombers, mine sweepers, sex slaves, and spies. Many are abducted or recruited by force, while others join voluntarily, believing that armed groups offer their best chance for survival.We are working to prevent the use of child soldiers and to hold accountable the people who send children to fight. It threatens the core of the United Nations, and the heart of our world's future: Children. The US Child Soldiers Prevention Act prohibits the US government from providing US foreign military financing, military training, and several other categories of US military assistance to governments using child soldiers. Actions National Actions Child soldiers are not an issue in the United States. The U. S. overnment currently provides military assistance to five of the six governments implicated in child soldier usage. From 2001 the USA contributed $34 million to support programs to prevent the recruitment and use of child soldiers and to demobilize and reintegrate child combatants, including $10 million through the US Agency for International Development and $24 million through the US Department of Labor. In 2008, Senators Richard Durbin and Sam Brownback introduced the Child Soldier Prevention Act, which is a bill to curtail U. S. ilitary assistance to governments that fail to take steps to demobilize and stop recruiting children into the armed forces or government-supported militias. Under this bill, countries that take steps to demobilize child soldiers are eligible for certain forms of assistance to help professionalize their forces and ensure that U. S. taxpayer dollars are not used to finance the exploitation of children in armed conflict. International Actions The United States has done many int ernational actions to prevent encouraging the use of children being used as soldiers.In April 2007 the Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2007 was introduced into Congress. It would restrict US military assistance to governments involved in the recruitment or use of child soldiers. In April 2007 the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Human Rights and the Law held a hearing to consider the Child Soldier Prevention Act, obstacles facing former child soldiers seeking asylum in the USA, and ways for the USA to address child recruiters from other countries who came to the USA. In October 2007 the Child Soldier Accountability Act was introduced into Congress.It would amend the US criminal code to allow the prosecution of individuals who have recruited or used child soldiers, whether in the United States or elsewhere. â€Å"The Child Soldiers Prevention Act can put real pressure on governments to stop using child soldiers,† Joe Becker said. â€Å"Obama needs to give fewer waivers to cou ntries abusing their children this way. † On October 4, 2011, the Obama administration announced waivers to the Child Soldiers Prevention Act, allowing military assistance to Chad, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Yemen despite the continued use of children in their armed forces.The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is a human rights treaty that establishes the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of children. It also defines children as being under the age of 18. The United States is the only country in the world, with the exception of Somalia, that has not ratified it. In 2002, however, the U. S. ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, which prevents the recruitment of military personnel under the age of 18.Much work remains to be done by the U. S. government on the rights of the child, particularly on the protection of children in armed conflicts. There was a resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1999 on November 11 titled â€Å"Resolution on the Use of Children as Soldiers. † Recommendation for Action Citizens for Global Solutions are committed to achieving greater engagement by the U. S. government to take the lead of international endeavors to protect future generations.Also, Child Soldiers International‘s website has a place for donation to end the recruitment of children as child soldiers. There is background information and everything about the issue to educate the donators and viewers viewing the website. The Obama administration decided to exempt Yemen and three other countries that use child soldiers from U. S. penalties under the 2008 Child Soldiers Prevention Act. The Invisible Children was founded to stop Joseph Kony called Kony 2012 and the United States was involved in it too. President Obama issued a bill to help stop Joseph Kony for justice.