Friday Night Lights Movie Essay Example for Free

Friday Night Lights Movie EssayI strongly believe that it is important for parents to be involved in the extra-curricular activities of their children. This builds encouragement for the watchword/daughter, and makes them respect their parents even more. Yet at the same time there is a line that must not be crossed by the parent. in one case you reach the point of getting physical and abusive, you know that the line has been crossed. There has to be some pattern of understanding that your child is not going to be perfect at everything that he or she does. The important thing is the effort that they put into it, not the outcome of their performance. As a parent you must likewise realize that this is your childs life, not yours.Parents should try to understand that support is a great way to build confidence. This is vital to building discipline and a stronger relationship between parent and son/daughter. In the movie Billingsleys soda water takes it to a whole different level. He wants everything Donnie does to be absolutely perfect, at long last trying to live within his son. Donnies dad finds the need to humiliate and harass his own son in order to build some sort of toughness, and expects that this method will make him play better. This is definitely not the way to solve the problems Don was having on the football field.I understand that his dad was a drunk with an attitude problem, but that certainly does not give him the right to treat Billingsley that way. Just imagine the frustration and discouragement building inside of Donnie. laborious to have fun playing football must have been near to impossible for him. Donnie probably had a lot of negative emotions and tons of pressure small-arm playing, worrying how his father would react to not living up to his expectations. Any mishaps Donnie would have on the field should have been left for his coach to address, not his dad. His dad should have played his part as a loving parent and supported his son, no matter the outcome.

Plato and Socrates Essay Example for Free

Plato and Socrates EssaySocrates, in his conviction from the Athenian jury, was both innocent and unrighteous as supercharged. In Platos Five Dialogues, accounts of events ranging from just prior to Socrates entry into the courthouse up until his mouthful of hemlock, both points are represented. Socrates in dealing with moral jurisprudence was non guilty of the crimes he was accused of by Meletus. Socrates was however guilty as charged because his peers had concluded him as such. The laws didnt find Socrates guilty Socrates was guilty because his jurors enforced the laws. The law couldnt enforce itself. Socrates was accused of corrupting Athens youth, non believing in the gods of the city and creating his own gods. In the Euthyphro, Socrates defends himself against the blasphemous charges outside the courthouse to a non-Christian priest Euthyphro. Socrates looks to the priest to tell him what exactly is pious so that he may educate himself as to why he would be perceived as impious. Found in the Apology, another of Platos Five Dialogues, Socrates aims to defend his principles to the five hundred and one person jury.Finally, the Crito, an account of Socrates final discussion with his good friend Crito, Socrates is offered an opportunity to escape the prison and his death sentence. As is known, Socrates rejected the suggestion. It is in the Euthyphro and the Apology that it provoke be deduced that Socrates is not guilty as charged, he had done nothing wrong and he properly defended himself. However, in the Crito, it is shown that Socrates is guilty only in the interpretation and enforcement of Athens laws through the court system and its jurors. Socrates accusations of being blasphemous are also seen as being treasonous.In the Euthyphro, Socrates is fashioning his way into the courthouse however, prior to entering he had a discussion with a young priest of Athens, Euthyphro. This dialogue relates religion and umpire to one another and the manner in which they correlate. Euthyphro feels as though justice necessitates religion and Socrates feels the opposite, religion necessitates justice. Euthyphro claims that religion is everything, justice, habits, traditions, customs, cultures, etc. all are derived from religion. Socrates went on to headspring what exactly would be the definition of pious.Euthyphro offered Socrates three definitions of pious and in all three Socrates was fitted to successfully find fault. The first definition Euthyphro offered was that piety is the demeanor he conks (5e). Socrates disputed this definition because he tell that Euthyphros way of breeding may be pious, but it is not the definition of pious. If it were the exact definition, only Euthyphro would be pious. He said that Euthyphro did not understand the difference between a definition and an example. Next, Euthyphro says that piety is found in things that are dear to the gods (7a).Socrates again rejected Euthyphros definition of piety. The Gre ek gods were anthropomorphic therefore, another may despise what would be dear to one god. This definition offered was not distinct. Finally, Euthyphro said that what is pious is what loved by the gods (9e). However, Euthyphro cant answer whether something is pious because it is loved or it is loved because it is pious. He cant conceive the difference between cause and effect. It is in the Euthyphro that Socrates begins his defense of his actions and principles to the reader.A priest cant give him a concise answer as to what is religious therefore, how can anyone else, especially one less religiously guided than a priest, accuse him of blasphemous actions? In the Apology, Socrates aimed to do three things defend his ideas and principles, continue to teach those who will open their mind and state that he knew regardless of what he said he was aware that all five hundred and one jurors knew who he was and disliked him. Socrates was well aware of the fact that he had made aggregate en emies, he knew that the politicians, poets, rich and craftsmen all had reasons to dislike his actions.Socrates went as far as to accuse the jury as not trusting the gods because they had not believed the oracle when it said that Socrates was the wisest in all of Athens (20d-e). If the jury and the people of Athens believed the oracle, the word of the gods, then Socrates would not be on trial. In the Apology, or defense, Socrates aims to legally relieve his actions. He is accused of three things corrupting Athens youth, not believing in the gods of the city and making up new gods. All three charges can be related back to treason and a large penalty. Socrates almost laughs off the first charge of corrupting the youth.He made a commonsense argument as to why that charge made no sense and had no base. He said that willingly corrupting the youth of Athens would only make his living there more difficult. Logically, no one would aim to make his or her home a more dangerous, corrupt place to live (25d). He then asks his accusers to present some sort of evidence, a corrupted youth. Socrates knew that none of his students would speak out against him. To defend himself against the second and third charges, Socrates simply says that his thought in any new gods would necessitate believing in the old gods because the new gods are derived from the old gods (26c).In the Apology, conceivably, Socrates defended himself decisively against the three legal charges brought upon him. He was able to offer sufficient resistance, with a lack of prosecuting evidence, against the allegations. Plato uses the Crito, a discussion between Socrates and Crito, to display exactly why, even though innocent, Socrates accepted the penalties bestowed upon him. Socrates has thoroughly warrant his own decision to obey the opinions of the majority and serve out the sentence that his own city has deemed appropriate for his crimes.Throughout the dialogue Socrates is explaining his reasoning for not tally from the government. Crito does not understand the madness of Socrates, Crito will do whatever it takes to help his friend to flee, instead of being exiled by the government. I do not appreciate that what you are doing is right, to give up your life when you can save it, and to hasten your fate as your enemies would hasten it, and indeed have hastened it in their wish to abolish you (58c). Throughout the Crito, two major ideas are established in the discussion of the two friends.The first being that a person must decide whether the alliance in which they live has a just reasoning behind its own standards of right and wrong. It is also examined whether or not the person has the option to leave if they dont equate with the laws of the city. Socrates has lived his whole life in Athens therefore, he feels that there is an implied contract between himself and the laws of Athens. Not one of our laws raises any obstacle or forbids him, if he is not satisfied with us or the city, if one of you wants to go and live in a colony or wants to go anywhere else, and keep his property (63d).Socrates states that making a conscious choice or effort to remain under the influence of a society is an unconscious agreement with that society to live your life by its standards and virtues. The second concept established between Socrates and Crito is that a person must have pride in the life that he or she leads. If Socrates does not face the penalties enforced, it would be the same as him disrespecting his own morals and principles. He would have followed them until they led him to hardships, and then abandoned them.In this, Socrates feels that escaping to survive would only resolving power in the death of his teachings, the reason why he lives. I am the kind of man who listens only to the argument that on reflection seems best to me. I cannot, now that this fate has come upon me, discard the arguments I used they seen to me much the same (59b). In establishing basic quest ions of these two concepts, Socrates has precluded his own circumstance and attempted to set up to his companion Crito, that the choice that he has made is just.He states that his decision is justified by the fact that the laws and governing agents of the society must command a certain(p) degree of respect. Any person who would unjustly disobey these laws creates a deliberate attempt to destroy them, as well as, the society that has imposed them. However, that whoever of you remains when he sees how we conduct our trials and manage the city in other ways, has in fact come to an agreement with us to obey our instructions (63e).If the decisions of the citys governing agents are not thoroughly respected as just and cohesive parts of society, the very structure by which the society stands is subject to collapse. Socrates was not guilty as charged he had done nothing wrong, as seen in the Apology. Not even a priest could tell Socrates what he had done wrong religiously, Euthyphro wasnt even able to give Socrates a precise definition of piety. It is then questioned by Crito why Socrates would remain to face a penalty for a crime he did not commit.In the Crito, it is explained why, although innocent, Socrates must accept the penalties his peers have set upon him. It is his peers that will interpret and enforce the laws, not the law which will enforce it. Even if the enforcers dont deserve charge and respect because they have no real knowledge to the situation, Socrates had put himself under their judgment by going to the trial. Therefore, Socrates must respect the decisions made by the canaille because the decisions are made to represent the laws, which demand each citizens respect.

Classical management theory and scientific management

Classical counseling theory and scientific counselThe Classical wariness Theory is thought to render originated around the year 1900 and dominated attention thinking into the 1920s, focusing on the efficiency of the work process. It has three schools of thinking scientific management, which looks at the best way to do a job bureaucratic management, which foc enforces on rules and procedures, hierarchy and clear division of effort and administrative management, which emphasises the flow of in physical composition within the organisation.Scientific instructionFrederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) is known as the father of scientific management. His approach emphasised empirical research to sum up organisational productivity by increasing the efficiency of the production process. In the United States especially, skilled labour was in short supply at the beginning of the twentieth century. The only way to expand productivity was to raise the efficiency of workers. Scientific manag ement theory states that jobs should be designed so that individually worker has a well-specified, well-controlled task and specific procedures and methods for each job must be strictly followed.Taylors management theory rests on a fundamental belief that managers be non only superior intellectually to the average employee, notwithstanding that they have a positive duty to carry off staff and organise their work activities. Thus, it was only applied to low-level routine and repetitive tasks that could be managed at supervisory level.Taylor developed four principles of scientific management1. A best methodology should be developed scientifically for each task.2. Managers should select the best person to carry through the task and ensure that the best planning is appointn.3. Managers atomic number 18 responsible for ensuring that the best person for the job does the job using the best methodology.4. Remove all responsibility for the work method from the worker and give it to management. The worker is responsible only for the actual job performance.Taylor based his management system on production-line time studies. Using time study as his base, he broke down each job into its components and designed the quickest and best methods of performing each component. He also encouraged employers to pay more amentaceous workers at a higher rate. Scientific management became very popular in the early part of this century as its application was shown to lead to improvements in efficiency and productivity.Advantages of Scientific direction- Introduced a scientific approach to management.- Improved circumstanceory efficiency and productivity.- Used as a model upon which the creation of redbrick assembly lines was based on.- Allowed managers to reward workers for higher performance and productivity through the differential rate system.- Built a sense of co-operation between management and workers.Disadvantages of Scientific counsel Limited by its underlying assumpt ion that workers were primarily motivated by economic and physical needs. It therefore overlooked the desire of workers for job satisfaction. Led, in some cases, to the exploitation of workers and it has been often suggested that scientific management was at the centre of mevery strikes prevalent in those days. Excluded the tasks of management in its application. Instilled an authoritarian leadership approach. cogitate only on the internal operations of the organisation.Bureaucratic managementMax Weber (1864-1920), known as the father of Modern Sociology, was the first person to use the term bureaucracy to describe a particular, and in his view superior, organisational form. He considered the ideal organisation to be a bureaucracy whose activities and objectives were rationally thought, whose divisions of labour were explicitly spelled out. He believed that technical competence should be emphasized and that performance evaluations should be made entirely on the basis of merit. Web er defined the samara elements of a bureaucracy asI. 1. A well defined hierarchy with a clear chain of command where higher positions have the authority to control the turn away positions.II. 2. Division of labour and specialisation of skills, where each employee result have the necessary expertise and authority to complete a particular task.III. 3. Complete and accurate rules and regulations, in writing, to govern all activities, decisions and situations.IV. 4. Impersonal relationships between managers and employees, with clear statements of the rights and duties of personnel.V. 5. Technical competence is the basis for all decisions regarding recruitment, selection and promotion.Webers model of bureaucratic management advanced the formation of huge corporations such as ford.Bureaucratic Management Contributions Ensured that the organisation would be operated and managed by measure up/high calibre personnel only. Allowed many organisations to efficiently perform routine organisa tional tasks through job specialisation. Allowed management and employees to be more objective in their judgement and approach due to rules and procedures for doing specific tasks being clearly set. besotted emphasis on job position, specialised employees and job continuity thus providing the organisation with long-term perspectives and quality employees. Surpassed the loss of any employee or even of any manager due to the nature of job specialisation. thence in such a bureaucracy, anyone shadow be replaced.Bureaucratic Management Limitationso Overwhelming niggardliness on authority discourages innovation and creativityo Imposed a formal and structured chain of command which is not compatible with organisations that require flexibility and rapid decision-making. This is truer today where organisations are constantly faced with a turbulent away environment of increased competition.o the emphasis on impersonality and division of labour leads to boredom, dissatisfaction and dis content within the workforceo rules and procedures may become so important in their own right that there is a tendency to bury the underlying processes that they are meant to make more efficient.Administrative ManagementHenri Fayol (1841-1925) was a French industrialist and one of the most influential early management thinkers. Scientific Management was concerned with increasing the productivity of the shop floor. Classical Organisation Theory grew out of the need to find guidelines for managing such complex organisations as factories. An early commence was pioneered by Fayol to identify the principles and skills that underlie effective management. He believed that sound management practice falls into certain patterns that can be identified and collapsed. He centre on management, which he felt had been the most neglected of concern operations. Based on his experience in management, he developed fourteen cosmopolitan principles of management1. Division of Work and specialisatio n to produce more work for less effort.2. Authority to give posts and the power to exact obedience.3. Discipline and watch over between a firm and its employees.4. Unity of command where an employee receives orders from only one superior.5. Unity of direction where there is only one central authority and one plan of action.6. The general interest is superior to individual interests.7. Remuneration is fair and provides satisfaction both to the employee and employer.8. There is centralisation, where there is always one central authority.9. There is a scalar chain, where a chain of authority exists from the highest level to the lowest ranks.10. Order, where the right materials and people are in the right place for each activity.11. Equity, kindliness and justice are seen throughout the organisation.12. Stability and tenure of personnel to maintain a stable work force.13. Initiative is encouraged to motivate employees.14. Esprit de Corps is recognised as important, and teamwork is enc ouraged.in the beginning Fayol, it was generally believed that managers are born, not made. Fayol insisted, however, that management was a skill like any other one that could be taught once its underlying principles were understood.Chester Barnard (1886-1961) developed the concepts of strategical planning and the Acceptance theory of Authority, which states that managers only have as much authority as their employees allow them to have. It suggests that authority flows downward, but depends upon word meaning by the subordinate. Barnard considered that the acceptance of authority depends on four conditions1) That the employee understands what the manager wants them to do.2) That the employee is able to comply with the directive.3) That the employee thinks that the directive is in line with organisational objectives.4) That the employee does not think that the directive is contrary to their personal goals.Barnard believed that each person has a zone of indifference within which the individual will willingly accept orders without consciously questioning authority and that it is up to the organisation to strain each employees zone of indifference.Advantages of Administrative Managemento Viewed management as a profession which can be trained and developed.o Offered universal managerial guidelines.o Promoted communication between managers and employees.o Highlighted the needs of employees through the unity of command, unity of direction, equity, etc.o Encouraged employees to act on their own initiatives.Disadvantages of Administrative Management- Lacked consideration for organisations environmental, technological and personnel factors, due to the blind application of Fayols concepts.- Fayols recommendations are too experience-based and therefore not driven by formal research. Hence its concepts have not been tested.Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each tender school has tend ed to complement or coexist with previous ones. The ideas of classical theorists have many applications in the management of todays organizations although with some modifications. Many of the internal challenges faced by managers during earlier periods were similar to those faced by managers today. For precedent, Taylors concern for the productivity of employees is still shared by managers. Even today, the Scientific Management Theory is still relevant. While not as popular as in the past, this method of job design is still used. This sort of task-oriented optimization of work tasks is nearly ubiquitous today in industry, and has made most industrial work menial, repetitive, tedious and depressing this can be noted, for instance, in assembly lines of car manufacturers and fast-food restaurants like McDonalds and KFC. McDonalds divides its complete operation into a number of tasks such as supervising, cooking operations or operating a deep fryer and assigns people to carry out these tasks. The modern mass car assembly lines pour out out finished products faster that Taylor could have ever imagined. In addition, its efficiency techniques have also been applied in the training of surgeons.Todays armies employ Scientific Management. Of the key points listed a standard method for performing each job, select workers with appropriate abilities for each job, training for standard task, planning work and eliminating interruptions and wage incentive for increase output all but wage incentives for increased output are used by modern military organizations. Wage incentives rather appear in the form of skill bonuses for enlistments. Furthermore, industrial engineers today are still taught the methods of Scientific Management including time and motion studies, job-tasks analysis, wage-incentive determination and detailed production planning with respect to the field of operation research and management.The Bureaucratic Management is still used in the USA by service-base d organizations such as libraries. One concrete example where Fayols Bureaucratic Management ideas are still in use is at the Wichita State University Libraries. Bureaucracy is also still being used in the US Postal Service.In Mauritius, mass production lines and piece rate systems are used in the garment and manufacturing industries. Another industry where the Classical Management Theories are still in use is in the sea-food hub, more specifically at the Mauritius Tuna Processing Plant.Mauritius and its economy are at a pivotal point. The dance step of depart is exhilarating. That is why in his budget speech 2008-2009, Hon. Rama Sithanen, Minister of Finance pointed out the urgency for our economy to shift from the traditional pillars to a service-oriented economy and to a knowledge-based society. For instance, he advocated that the ICT sector must add to the pillars of the Mauritian economy. Business leaders expect ICT to have a greater impact on their business. The industries e xperiencing the greatest change are the technology, telecommunications and financial services. The Minister also stressed on the development of the SMEs as he formulated that in terms of job creation, new jobs will come mostly from small businesses and medium-sized companies.But since the formulation of the Classical Management Theories in the 18th century, the economic landscape has changed. Businesses do not exist in a vacuum. They are in fact open systems with constant and dynamic interaction with the environment. Todays business environment is global and highly competitive. Managers are becoming progressively aware of the effects of the business environmentThere are two looking ats of the business environment, namely the internal and the external environment. The internal environment relates to those factors that the organisation can relatively control. These are the owners, employees, customers, suppliers, authorities and pressure groups. But the external environment that con stitutes the PEST (Political, Economical, Social and Technological) factors is relatively remote from what the organisation can control. Without the ability to analyse the strength and weaknesses of the internal and the opportunities and threats of the external environments, managers risk making decisions that are not in the best interest of the organisation. At the same time, worldwide concern nigh the natural environment has emerged. Current natural environmental concerns are pollution, climate changes, ozone depletion and other global issues like biodiversity, adequate water supplies, population and food security. As McDonalds concluded, todays managers have to be concerned not only with the scientific facts but with public perception.Todays business environment is characterized with changes, innovations and uncertainty. It is becoming more challenging amid global economic slowdown and turmoil in the financial sector. Businesses must at all cost adapt or die. Out of five busines ses experiencing a disaster or extended outage,a) Two never re-open their doors.b) One of the remaining three will close within two years.The business environment is exceedingly tough and competitive. contestation is intensifying in many sectors. Technology is constantly creating new opportunities and threats. There are changes to the regulatory environment the advent of the Equal Opportunities Act being a clear example. Customer tastes are also changing providing a moving target. Smart companies operating in highly competitive business environments are on the job(p) very hard to improve efficiency and productivity, test high-yielding new initiatives, and differentiate themselves from competitors.Command and Control Management style (as stated in the Classical Management Theories) is effective in an environment where both change and competition are limited and there is plenty room for error (high profit margins). Such is not the case in the age of computing and communications. In todays business environment, things change very quickly and profit margins are reducing. In addition, more things are calamity on a continuing basis. Because of the speed at which things are changing, it is important to push decision-making down in the organization to the level that has all of the information at the time when a decision must be made. This calls for very different management attitudes, it demands a democratic and flexible point of view and of course accountability must be delegated. All these are not present in the Classical Management Theories.Rapid change that is sweeping through every aspect of the business environment today prompts managers to rethink the ways they do things. Although the Classical Management model has evolved quite a bit, it is still geared to a rigid structure and command-and-control mentality. This model was well tailored to an environment where change was slow and evolutionary rather than rapid and revolutionary. It helped organise process es and foster a sense of accountability, order and discipline. What it lacks is flexibility, making the organisation irresponsive to continuous internal and external environment changes. We have reached a limit to what can be accomplished using the Classical Management approaches. But by changing the way managers do things, that constraint can be removed. This is not to say that the basics of Classical Management should be ignored, but they are just not enough to get the job done in todays business environment.Although Classical Management Theories are quite useful in the early stages of economic development, they are not an adequate explanation of how to administer organisations in a complex, developed society. When it comes to seeking cost, efficiency, productivity and profitability improvements, the Classical Management Theories have a limited field of action. Managers need to get used to the idea that what worked yesterday wont tomorrow. They need to work on tomorrow today. When the business environment becomes more challenging, it is actually an opportune time for managers to think about ways to reinvent their business. We find that new managers are willing to investigate forward-looking solutions to business problems because they are unhampered by the limitations of tools and methods of the past. It is not so much that established managers are not willing to change it has more to do with that fact that they are using methods that were designed for different circumstances. And they worked. So, established managers have to be prepared to discard something that has been effective for them. Managers need to use todays tools to solve todays problems. They must be willing to learn about new ways of doing things.To compete successfully in the global arena, managers must now act as entrepreneurs and create new business models rethink, re-plan, strategize, innovate and learn continuously. Innovation is the most important source for organisations to gain competi tive advantage, and advanced innovation management is critical to a businesss sustainable development. Classical Management theories cant catch up with the dramatic changes of the business environment. Once-reliable guides for managerial actions no longer exist. In an environment virtually bereft of the aged rules of conducting business, there is no safety net. Every process, procedure, rule of thumb and standard ratio is being challenged, re-engineered and morphed into a new form. This fundamental change has brought a scare new reality to the challenge of growing and managing business.ConclusionToday, organizations are mostly influenced by the external environment (fierce market share competition, continuous technology change, globalisation, hiring and retaining qualified executives and front line workers) that often fluctuate over time. Yet Classical Management Theories present an image of an organisation that is not shaped by external influences. Classical Management Theories a re now gradually fading for the principal reason that people and their needs are considered by Classical theorists as secondary coil to the needs of the organisation. Nowadays, The Scientific approach is very seriously challenged by Human Resource Management. Furthermore, The Bureaucratic Management is fast giving way to the Matrix mental synthesis in organisations. However, Classical Management theories are important because they introduced the concept of management as a subject for intellectual analysis and provided a basis of ideas that have been developed by subsequent schools of management thought.

Current Issues In Marketing

Current Issues In MarketingThis report aims to discuss fond network marketing, which is a current issue in the field of marketing. The report seeks to describe the importance and advantages of marketing on affable networks for restaurants, particularly 21 cordial reception Group of restaurants. We to a fault draw upon some issues which should be taken c be of, when professiones go ahead with such approach to marketing.IntroductionThe internet and other digital media have transformed marketing (Chaffey, 2006).Customers are quickly embracing the internet, so organization must have an effective visibility on Internet to prosper. The internet also has evolved over time, it is no longer except a source of information (Hof, 2006). The human shoot to share, cooperate and affableize has driven people to create their lives online. A relatively new nevertheless almost popular means of achieving this is through loving network sites such as Facebook, MySpace, Orkut, LinkedIn etc.A s ocial networking site can be defined as one that allows Internet users the ability to add user-generated content such as comments, review, feedback, ratings, or their own dedicated pages. (Burns, 2007) They provide a virtual community for members kindle in a similar subject or just want to hang come on together. Voice, instant message, conference and blogs, are the usual means by which members communicate in a social network site.(www.computerhope.com, 2010)(www.mlc.executiveboard.com, 2008)As social networking sites rifle part of life of their members, they have become a potentially useful marketing tool. Social networking sites are an important medium to reach a diverse demograpy, including young generation, women, business consumers, and older individuals. Research shows that over 80% of consumers organized religion advice from friends online, which is thrice that of via traditional media, while making any purchase (Ward, 2007)This report discusses issues in using social net working site for marketing and how it is relevent to restaurants and The 21 hospitality sort bulge out ( coffeehouse 21 group) in particular.Social networks and marketingThe standard marketing mediums of television, radio, and newspaper are constantly losing their effectiveness. As consumers are spending more time online, companies are beginning to follow them to the Internet. Companies striving to be relevant, especially among younger consumers, are increasingly tailoring marketing campaigns specifically to social networks. Such campaigns hope to act with customers over time, in what companies hope depart be in a memorable sort. (King, 2006a)Burger King managed to make more than 114,000 friends on MySpace, in a triple-crown marketing system where they created a profile for their mascot, The King. Through their site, users could watch free episodes of many TV. As Gillian Smith, Senior Director of Media and Interactive at Burger King puts it, Consumers jimmy us more as a blu r if we are giving them something they can use. (King, 2006b)E very industry is using social networking media for marketing, brand awareness campaigns, consumer engagement and story monitoring. The restaurant industry is no different. Restaurants are a social medium of interaction among people offline, so going online is just a natural extension.Restaurants also have advantage over other industries using social networking media. Social media is about visuals, sharing ideas, talking and telling stories. Similarly food is also very visual, both physically and stirred uply. It evokes conversations, experiences, memories, and stories that people share. This is what social networking websites are all aboutChances are that if its a restaurant people talk about them online, discuss, rate and press them to friends. Chatter is happening. It may be very beneficial for restaurants to know whether it is going good, bad or in between to keep their business successful and popular. (Fruchter, 2 009). This way they can adapt better to customer prefere nces and delight.Social marketing has distinct advantages which make it a vital tool for a marketing campaign. The members of social networking sites are niche groups with particular interests. These specialized members are a highly-targeted audiences.(Burns, 2007). Return on Investment is one of the most important criteria for any marketing campaign. For businesses such as restaurants, social marketing is one of the cheapest methods. Considering that fact that such sites vastly improve visibility, restaurants ultimately get good publicity for free. likewise traditional e-marketing tools like banners and yoke ads are losing their charm as non many people religion them. But with social marketing, restaurants can devolve a more human emotional touch to attract potential customers. Social marketing helps to spread information fast (me, 2010). It also creates interactive bond with the customers.Social Networking Ideas (for ca f 21 Group)21 Hospitality group should adopt a comprehensive marketing strategy on social networks. They can start by creating profiles, networks and blogs on facebook, twitter etc.On these, they can feature aspects of a restaurant each week, such as inside the kitchen, basic cooking tips, greetings from a hostess along with her popular appetizers, crisp recipes from the bartender, and so on. People will get to know employees and food better, which creates an intimate and welcoming atmosphere when they visit the restaurants. They can tame contests where people vote for favourite menu item, submit their own ideas for a dish or dessert to be served. This will make the customers feel empowered. The groups website and profile page should be mentioned on brochures, menus and bills to get people log in to them and connect.Most members have their birthdays and anniversaries listed on such site which can be used to give discounts to prospective members on special occasions. This method w ill make the customers feel good and attract them to the restaurants.Cafe 21 Group should inform customers about new events, menus and happenings through these sites. Also they should invite reviews and feedbacks from their customers. They should go all out to please the customers as the customer is always the king. (Mehta, 2009). The feedbacks will be helpful for the group in providing better services.In addition, Cafe 21 group can visit other local restaurants on these sites, befriend them and comment on their pages. Customers, who dont know Cafe 21, may become aware by seeing those comments. Also, they can tie up with websitesdedicated to tourism in North-East and include a link to Cafe 21 groups site on their page.Things to look out for sooner diving straight into social networking, a endned approach is required, especially for frequent users who will most likely spread the news about the food and services to other users and their friends. It is essential to emotionally connect with them and make them friends of the brand (Li, 2007)Cafe 21 Group also need to pick the apt sites, the one that most closely matches the intended customers. Transparency in communication is must to flourish religious belief and brand loyalty. A lot of users navigate using Google, Yahoo, or links in e-mail. So, businesses need to optimize visibility on these. Also they need to control that their content is of high enough interest, quality, or value that it will serve as link bait or bookmark bait. (Burns, 2007)A research by ExactTarget and Ball State University says that Internet users, aged 18-34, are more influenced by direct email and mail rather than marketing on social networks (Leggatt, 2008). This highlights that creating trust is an absolute must for an marketing strategy to be successful.Participation in social media needs much more work than just signing up for an account and then posting the details of lunch or dinner. It is very essential to hear feedbacks, reviews and conversations of customers. It will be very helpful to adjust out who is passionate about the brand, and give them extra information which they can share with others. Vandegrift says. You dont have to pay people. Just find out who really cares about you and give them some access. (Perlik, 2009)Restaurants should also be ready to respond to negativity. A quick and chastise response is required in times of negative feedbacks and publicity to hold erosion of any customer base.Above all, restaurants should always have something interesting to add to the conversation. Just listing menus makes the posts boring. Readers should be provided unique information which they cant find elsewhere. Restaurants like Cafe 21 can offer insider discount deals and promotions or something interesting now and then. (Perlik, 2009)ConclusionAll businesses aim to increase their customer base. Before the Internet, many spread the word through word of mouth. Social marketing has now taken over as the onli ne version of word of mouth. Harnessing it, in the right way will results in more customers, more sales, and a higher level of visibility online than ever before. (me, 2010)With the Net, a new way of conducting business is available, but it doesnt change the laws of business or most what really creates a competitive advantage. The fundamentals of competition remain unchanged. Michael Porter (cited in Newing, 2002)Advertising on social networking sites have clear advantages but still businesses should move forward with caution regards to ethical amd moral issues. The advertising should be just enough to promote the brand and expand customer base and also should not invade privacy of the users of that site.Cafe 21 group should go ahead with marketing on social media. It will open a new medium to connect with customers, but they should understand that this can not be the full marketing strategy. They still need to have traditional strategic marketing plans to maintain competitive advan tage.Current Issues in MarketingCurrent Issues in MarketingMarketing is the process by which the producer and consumer communicate to enable the producers to sell their products to the consumers. The producers engage in introducing their brands to the prospective or already existing customers, informing them of the various specifications which make their products to stand out from the rest (Jaworski et al. 2016, n.d). Due to the evolution of time, the marketing sector in the business industry is currently facing many challenges with the rise of digitized marketing. The increasing use of social media platforms as tools for marketing has caused a drastic change in the agency of strategies for marketing drawn by various companies (McDuffee 2014, n.d). The revision of the strategies is to ensure that de violate the changes, the producers are still able to retain their market share or if better, improve it.According to Russ Klein, the chief executive officer at American Markets Associat ion, he highlights that the digital transformation in the contemporary marketing world has become a problem, more than it is of benefit (Jaworski et al. 2016, n.d). Digital transformation has contributed much in more in adding to managerial problems due to the narrow perception in handling the transformation. As time goes by, it is not only the marketing strategies that shift but also the manner in which the various businesses handle their issues. Communication methods, internal crowd-source innovation, among others keep changing hence marketing must also conform to the strategies employed by the business in handling its businesses (Jaworski et al. 2016, n.d). Within the same scope, one should also realize that the business models shift with regard to digitization hence marketing of products might not be as simple as it was in the past.When considering the strategic marketing plan, the company must take into consideration various aspects of the market to ensure that the plan is suit able to counter the competition in play. Previously, planning was based on the positioning statements, proper branding, and the 4 Ps which are currently being unheeded by many due to the introduction of methods such as content marketing, marketing automation, SEM, among others (McDuffee 2014, n.d). The introduction of these methods, particularly social media marketing, has caused a number of people to discount the basics of marketing, hence drawing plans that might influence negatively on the future. Working without a strategic plan is compared to engaging in the construction of a building without a blueprint and as a result a business may not achieve much (McDuffee 2014, n.d). Every proper strategy should ensure that the business model, objectives, and brands are taken into consideration to pave way for better structured marketing strategies. Currently, businesses are more focused into rushing to social media platforms to make known what they deal in (McDuffee 2014, n.d). such ac tions make their businesses appear as having become a campaign with no strong basis.In spite of the modern marketing strategies that are in place, the basics of conducting business have not changed. People engage in the exchange of goods and services, just as before, and as a result the old methods, now termed as obsolete, are still applicable. The improvement in the level of technology in use in conducting businesses has direct to the digitalization of every procedure including marketing. In particular, the use of social media platforms is currently a marketing trend that has taken the business industry by storm, until now might not be as productive if other forms of marketing are not jointly involved. To achieve a marketing advantage, the entrepreneur should not narrow their mind to this form of marketing only, but also improve the old fashioned techniques.ReferencesJaworski, B., Malcolm, R., Morgan, N. (2016). American Marketing Association 7 big problems in the marketing indu stry. Marketing News. Online In http//www.ama.org/publications/MarketingNews/Pages/7-big-problems-marketing.aspx Accessed 9/1/2017.McDuffee, B. (2014). Editorial strategy and planning Go back to the future with strategic marketing plans. Online Created 14/1/2014. In http//contentmarketinginstitute.com/2014/01/back-to-the-future-strategic-marketing-plan/ Accessed 9/1/2017.

Women in the Scientific Revolution

Women in the Scientific RevolutionThe scientific change is generally considered part of the broader intellectual revolution that began with the Italian renascence and the rediscovery and translation of the classical writers, particularly Aristotle, sometime during the fourteenth century. It is only in retrospect that one can understand broad accomplishments, such(prenominal) as this, that one can assert with confidence that the scientific revolution resulted from a confluence of several factors, about particularly the rejection of the Ptolemaic model of planetary movement combined with an increased interest in Aristotelian science (Grant, 1996). Thus, the scientific revolution, insofar as it was a revolution rather than a developing, continuous process, may be claimed to bind begun in 1543 with the publication of Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, though establishing this as a boundary is as much a matter of convenience as anything else (Linton, 2004). As an inte llectual and cultural phenomenon, the scientific revolution rests to the present, moving through such advances as Newtonian mechanics, the experimental method of chemistry, advanced in anatomy and medicine, Darwinian evolution, relativity and quantum mechanics, with myriad offshoots at every stage along the way of this development.At the present, in that location is much dispute about how, or whether, the scientific revolution will end some think it will continue forever, while others believe it will culminate with grand unification, a theory of everything that explains both gravitation and subatomic forces, in effect capable of describing all phenomena (Westfall, 1971). That woman have played pivotal roles in the advancement of science is undeniable as with priapic figures, it is possible to isolate selected sheaths of women who made significant contributions. There is no reason to believe that such contributions were made because of their gender, but given the nature of socie ty at the time of the scientific revolution, one may assert that the contributions were made in spite of their gender. As the scientific revolution may be said to continue to the present day, so too, does the gender bias in the sciences, though there is evidence this is getting better.Women in the Scientific Revolution Marg bet CavendishPerhaps Margaret Cavendish is the best example of such a woman in the midst of the scientific revolution. While biographies of her once concentrated on her eccentric behavior and the more florid aspects of her spirit (Grant, 1957, Whitaker, 2003), we are the beneficiaries of a recent flurry of scholarly interest in her philosophical and scientific undertakings. She engaged with, and apparently held her own against Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, Ren Descartes and others in the primal Royal Society, though she herself was denied fellowship in that exalted body (Walters, 2014). Margaret Cavendish rejected Aristotelianism and the mechanist philosophies that prevailed through much of that time, adopting a vitalist view instead, holding that living things are unlike from nonliving things in that they possess a spark of life that subjects them to different physical rules this is now an obsolete scientific theory (Sarasohn, 2010). ONeill in Cavendish (2001) characterizes Cavendishs congenital philosophy as an outright rejection of Aristotle while adopting stoic doctrines ONeill (2001) also notes that while women rarely wrote on scientific matters at this time, Margaret Cavendish published six scientific books, devil of which are currently in print it is also worth noting that Margaret Cavendish was a duchess and, as such, had certain social and economic advantages most other women would not have shared.Cavendishs main scientific work was Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy (2001), written in the vernacular, rather than the Latin that was typical of scientific books until head into the nineteenth century, which itself reflects the scientific revolutions reservoir in the Greek and Latin classics. She had already undertaken earnest study of contemporary scientific and philosophical works and this book of hers clearly shows the influence of Thomas Hobbes, who had instructed her crony Sir Charles Lucas in philosophy in fact, she was one of the few of her time who accepted Hobbes ideas that incorporeal souls do not exist in nature (Sarasohn, 2010). She certainly expresses herself well in her book, even discussing in the preface whether her excessive writing is a disease (Mendelson, 1987), a question that still plagues modern practitioners (e.g., Flaherty, 2004). As she points out, she wrote primarily for herself and if it was a disease, then it was a wonderful disease suffered by Aristotle, Homer and Cicero, among others (Cavendish, 2001).Women in the Scientific Revolution Maria WinckelmannIn Ger many an(prenominal), circumstances for women in science were different few independently pursed their scientifi c interests. The astronomer Maria Winckelmann Kirsch is perhaps the best and certainly the best remembered example. She married the astronomer and mathematician Gottfried Kirsch and while they functioned as equals, the prevailing placement of their time was that she was his assistant Kirsch himself was a product of a scientific family and there is no reason to believe he did not appreciate his wifes collaboration. In any event, we know she wrote of the conjunctions of the planets and, in 1702 became the first woman to discover a comet she also published the most erudite observations of the aurora borealis to that time (Schiebinger, 1987). Unfortunately, Maria Winckelmann Kirsch has yet to turn a profit from a revival of scholarly interest in her life and activities that has benefited Margaret Cavendish.Women in the Scientific Revolution Maria Gaetana AgnesiIn Italy, traditionally regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance, the smudge for women was different still, and is best exemplified by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, who, like Margaret Cavendish, had the advantages of wealth and social position and also pursued her interests independently. Her father was a professor of mathematics at Bologna and Maria showed intellectual gifts from an early age (Osen, 1975). Throughout her life, he was a very religious person and constantly found herself in the marches of spiritual revelation fortunately for the news report of science, she was a person of rare intellectual energy and she undertook the study of conglutination when that was still cutting edge mathematics. Her most important work is Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della giovent italiana, which uncharitably translates to Analytic Institutions for Use by Italian Youths an excellent introduction to Euclid and the first work to include both differential and intrinsic calculus in fact, Struik (1987) refers to her at the first important woman mathematician since Hypatia, some thirteen centuries before Struik (19 87) also calls this work the model for all subsequent calculus textbooks. As it was intended as a textbook for use by students, like Cavendish, Agnesi wrote in the vernacular Italian, and wrote very well, though lacked the Margaret Cavendishs literary charm. Agnesi became a professor of mathematics at the University of Bologna, the first woman to achieve this, anywhere. As notable, she spent much of her life in religious contemplation, though it should also be noted that she devoted much of her she considerable wealth to helping the poor and infirm, to the point that she converted at least part of her home into a charity hospital. She was know in her lifetime and was praised by many, including Pope Benedict XIV, himself no intellectual lightweight (Mazzotti, 1987).If Maria Agnesi is remembered for anything now, curiously it is for something she did not discover the Witch of Agnesi, a slue whose mathematical properties lie somewhat outside the scope of this paper. While others ha d previously considered this curve, Agnesi was the first to give it a rigorous analytical treatment in her textbook that it is called a witch is the product of an unfortunate early mistranslation into English that stuck. The curve, however, has one property worth mentioning it almost littlely resembles an isolated water wave (Mazzotti, 1987).These triad are just examples of women who took part in the scientific revolution. There were many others worthy of mention and many others still whose contributions are either lost or unrecognized, in some cases, to this day.The Status of Women in Science NowIt is safe to say that of all the scientists ever, an overwhelming percentage are professionally active now, and among there, there are more women than ever before. This notwithstanding, women face serious obstacles in the sciences. Statistics indicate that women do less well than men in terms of degree, tenure and salary. In a field such as nursing, that has traditionally been dominated by women, men hold four percent of the professorships by contrast women have never held as much as four percent of the professorships in any field dominated by men even in psychology, were women obtain the legal age of doctorates, women do not yet fill the majority of professorships (Schiebinger, 2001). Even so, there have been many noteworthy women scientists at present.To cite just one such example, the American Barbara McClintock discovered the transposition of genes and this explained how certain physical characteristics are turned on or off (Comfort, 1999). For this, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1944 and in 1983 won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine and, in fact, remains the only woman to win that prize, unshared. There is some contention over the exact nature and precedence of her discoveries, but even her critics concede her pivotal role in genetics research (Comfort, 2001).Reducing Barbara McClintock and her contributions to a single paragr aph is exactly fair to her, or to women in science today. It is, however, important to recognize that woman have made important contributions to science from the earliest times and while many of these contributions remain unrecognized, this is finally being addressed. Given current demographic and educational trends, it is clear that the influence of women in science will only increase with time. lastAs noted, women have played important roles in science from antiquity to the present, though their roles and their contributions have often been lost or gone unrecognized. This paper has examined third such figures from the time of the scientific revolution, as well as one from the postwar era in the United States to demonstrate that their contributions can be meaningful and as important as those of their male counterparts. It is to be understood that if science is to be a truly democratic and fair institution, it must welcome contributions and objurgation from everyone and while tre mendous strides have been made, the institution of science as a whole still has a long way to go to achieve this democratic goal.ReferencesCavendish, M. (2001). Observations upon experimental philosophy. E. ONeill (ed.). New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Comfort, N. (1999). The real point is control The reception of Barbara McClintocks controlling elements. Journal of the History of Biology, 32 (1) 13362Comfort, N. (2001). The tangled field. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Flaherty, A. (2004). The midnight disease The taunt to write, writers block, and the creative brain. New York, NY Harcourt Brace.Grant, D. (1957). Margaret the first A biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle 16231673. Toronto, ON University of Toronto Press.Grant, E. (1996). The foundations of modern science in the Middle Ages Their religious, institutional, and intellectual contexts. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Linton, C. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein A history of mathem atical astronomy. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Mazzotti, M. (2007). The world of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Mathematician of God. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press.Mendelson, S. (1987). Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. In The mental world of three Stuart women. Brighton, UK Harvester, pp. 1261.Osen, L. (1975). Women in Mathematics. Cambridge, MA MIT Press.Sarasohn, L. (2010) The natural philosophy of Margaret Cavendish terra firma and fancy during the scientific revolution. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press.Schiebinger, L. (1987). Maria Winckelmann at the Berlin Academy A turning point for women in science. Isis, Journal of the History of Science Society, 78 (292) 174200.Schiebinger, L. (2001). Has feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Struik, D. (1987). A Concise history of mathematics (4th rev. ed.). New York, NY Dover Publications.Walters, L. (2014). Margaret Cavendish Gender, science and politics. New York , NY Cambridge University Press.Westfall, R. (1971). The construction of modern science. New York, NY John Wiley and Sons.Whitaker, K. (2003). harebrained Madge Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, royalist, writer and romantic. London Chatto and Windus.

Essay --

Instruction or lectures (amount and quality)Academic achievement of students disrupted and wane due to the instructor and lectures factor. Most selective university lecturers are very brilliant in their studies, but they are less skilled to give lectures to the students in the class. This make it difficult for students to understand the content of the lesson presented by the lecturers and make the student feel bored and uninterested. Imparting skills effectively is very important. Lecturers need to know and study the most effective methods to teach and get students attention. Interesting teaching techniques and cigarette effectively improve student enthusiasm for learning more seriously and diligently to surpass in all subjects. Quality of teaching should be clearly described and punctuated by making a lot of refresher training with the students so that students can better understand the lessons taught. Besides, the lecturer should give tips and advice about education and how to a nswer the exam questions correctly.Environment (home, school, peers and technology)Environmental factors a...

Urban Consolidation :: essays papers

Urban ConsolidationFactors and Fallacies in Urban ConsolidationIntroductionAs proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continueto manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment ofits benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinderour caution all over its continually changing objectives.DefinitionLike much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidationand the urban colony concept seek to offer argon substantiallyundermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressedthrough a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professionalcohesion on this policy, can best be mum in terms of individualmotives (AIUSH,1991).* State Governments participatory role in the reduction ofinfrastructure spending.* Urban Professionals quotation of the change magnitude variability,robustness, and interest in both the urban area and their work.* Conservation Activists commendation of the lower consumption ofresources, and re duced pressure on sensitive environment areas,suggestive of a reduction in urban sprawl.* The Development Industrys equations of profit established throughbetter and higher(prenominal) levels of land use.Essentially urban consolidation proposes an increase of eitherpopulation or dwellings in an existing defined urban area(Roseth,1991). Furthermore, the suburban village seeks to establishthis intensification within a more specific agenda, in which unionis to be centred by public transport nodes, and housing choice is to bewidened with increased diversity of housing type (Jackson,1998). Theunderlying premise of this swing towards urban regeneration, and thesubsequent debate about higher-density development, is thereconsideration of the suburban ideal and the negative affable andenvironmental implications inherent in its continuation (Johnson,1994). In reference to this regeneration is the encouragement ofgreater community participation, a strengthening and broadening ofurban liveli hood and culture, and a halt to physical, environmental andeconomic decline (Hill,1994).Myths and Misunderstanding The relative successes of practical solutions to the urbanconsolidation model are constrained within the assumptions underpinningthem. Appropriating community desire towards a more urban lifestyleignores the basic fact that people chose to live in the suburbs(Stretton,1975). Suburbia as an ideal, is a preference establish onperpetual stability, be it though neighbourhood identity or the act ofhome ownership a view not reflected in cookery models heavily biasedtowards highly mobile societies.Cost benefits deemed to be provided by higher-density living, in termsof more efficient use of infrastructure, are realized originally in theprivate sectors (Troy,1998). A forget inconclusive to State governmentobjectives towards reduced public spending.Traffic reduction as an expressed direct result of higher-densityresidential living is largely incorrect. A falsehood achieved b y usingdensity as a substitute for sociological variables such as income, kinfolk size, and lifestyle characteristics (Moriarty,1996). Trafficreduction stems primarily from a decision to drive (Engwight,1992), a